TEXTBOOK OF HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY WITH CLINICAL CASES AND 3D ILLUSTRATIONS

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Textbook of HumanEmbryology
with Clinical Cases and 3D Illustrations
Dr Yogesh Sontakke Associate Professor, Department
of Anatomy, JIPMER, Pondicherry 605006
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Features of the book

• Concise text is given in easy language for quick
  recapitulation during examination.
• 3D illustrations to provide easy imagining of
  embryological changes.
• Flowchart to revise and memorise the
  developmental sequence.
• Tables to summarise that essential facts.
• Summary (examination guide) To overcome the
  difficulty of summarising the facts in theory
  examinations.
• Neet, MCQ, Viva and Clinical facts markings For
  preparation of various upcoming academic entrance
  examinations.
• Boxes To focus on important topics.
• Interesting facts To isolate them from main
  text, so that these facts should not be missed.
• 40 Scanning electron micrographs to give real
  insight in developing structures.
• 70 Clinical cases For early clinical exposure of
  various clinical anomalies encountered by eminent
  clinicians.
• Practice figures Easy to draw figures in theory
  examination.

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3D illustrations to provide easy imagining of
embryological changes.

• Most of the figures are 3D illustrations that
  resembles original human organs and hence give
  idea about original human structures

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Flowchart to revise and memorise the
developmental sequence.

• More than 50 flowcharts are given
• Flowchart uses
• Easy to remember
• Easy to revise decreases the revision time
  drastically
• Helpful in theory examinations
• Gives idea of sequential development in
  embryology

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Flowchart 4.2 Formation of blastocyst.
Flowchart 11.3 Development of the palatine tonsil
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Figure 21.1 Sex differentiation in male.
Flowchart 20.2 Development of kidney.
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Tables to summarise that essential facts.

• In each chapter, small tables are included to
  summarise the facts
• Uses of these tables
• To summarise the facts
• Decreases the revision time drastically
• Helpful in theory examinations if student write
  only the tabulated facts, rather than lengthy
  writeups

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Table 15.1 Development of liver.
Table 17.1 Development of diaphragm
Part of liver Embryonic source
Lobes of liver Liver parenchyma Bile canaliculi Bile ductules Endoderm hepatic bud arising from the second part of the duodenum (that develops from foregut)
Connective tissue Glissons capsule Connective tissue stroma Kupffers cells Blood vessels Mesoderm septum transversum
Liver sinusoids Vitelline and umbilical veins
Ligaments of liver Falciform ligament Lesser omentum Coronary ligaments Triangular ligaments Ventral mesogastrium
Ligamentum teres hepatis Left umbilical vein
Ligamentum venosum Ductus venosus
Part of diaphragm Embryonic source
Central tendon Septum transversum
Small peripheral part Pleuro-peritoneal membranes
Large peripheral part (posterolateral) Mesoderm of lateral body wall
Right and left crus Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus
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Summary (examination guide) To overcome the
difficulty of summarising the facts in theory
examinations.

• Uses of Summary (examination guide)
• Given in many places to summarise the lengthy
  descriptions
• To avoid the confusion of student about What to
  write in the examination
• Decreases the revision time drastically

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Example from Chapter 18

• Formation of Interventricular Septum
• Q. Write short note on development of
  interventricular septum.
• Summary (examination guide)
• Interventricular part consists of three parts
• Muscular part develops from muscular ridge
  arising on the floor of primitive ventricle.
• Bulbar part develops from right and left bulbar
  ridges arising from conus cordis.
• Membranous part develops from proliferation of
  AV cushion that fills the gap between muscular
  and bulbar parts.

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Neet, MCQ, Viva and Clinical facts markings For
preparation of various upcoming academic entrance
examinations.

• The markings on important lines are given that
  may be useful for
• Neet National Eligibility cum Entrance Test
• MCQ multiple choice questions
• Viva for oral examination
• Clinical facts For indicating the points that
  will have clinical applications

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Boxes To focus on important topics.

• Separate boxes are given to cover important
  topics, clinical conditions and so on

• Box 16.1 Tracheoesophageal fistula
• Q Write short note on tracheoesophageal fistula
• Definition Tracheoesophageal fistula is an
  abnormal congenital communication between the
  trachea and oesophagus.
• Incidence 13000-4500 births.
• Causes
• Right and left tracheoesophageal folds on fusion
  forms tracheoesophageal septum that separates the
  trachea from the oesophagus. Failure of fusion of
  tracheoesophageal septum results in TEF.
• Types (Figure 16.4)
• .Continued

• Box 2.1 Teratoma
• Teratoma
• Teratoma is a tumour that consists of tissues
  derived from all germ layers
• Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common tumour
  in newborns (1 in 20,00070, 000 births). It
  arises from primordial germ cells.Neet
• It occurs more frequently in females than in
  males.
• It constitutes 3 of childhood malignancies.
• Continued

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Interesting facts To isolate them from main
text, so that these facts should not be missed.

• These important and interesting points are
  isolated from main text to attract attention of
  the reader

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Chapter 9
Chapter 2

• Some interesting facts
• Nitabuchs membrane
• Nitabuchs membrane is the fibrinoid deposition
  over the outer cytotrophoblast shell. It makes a
  demarcation between maternal and foetal tissue.
• Rohrs Fibrinoid stria
• Rohrs fibrinoid stria is the fibrinoid
  deposition on the intervillous surface of the
  syncytiotrophoblast. It was first described by
  Wolska (1888).
• These membranes play a major role is an
  immunological separation of foetal tissue from
  maternal tissue.
• Foetal cotyledons
• Chorionic plate shows 4060 extensions that
  extend towards decidua basalis.
• Langhans layer
• Cytotrophoblast layer is also called Langhans
  layer. .

• Some interesting facts
• Spermatozoa are artificially capacitated and used
  for in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
• In assisted reproduction technology (ART) for a
  patient with defective acrosome, sperm is
  injected directly into oocyte.
• Sperm with Y chromosome swims faster dur to
  smaller size of Y chromosome.Neet
• Sperms are stored in seminiferous tubules after
  formation.Neet

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40 Scanning electron micrographs to give real
insight in developing structures.
Scanning electron micrograph 8.1 SEM showing
embryo at 25th days with closing anterior
neuropore. Species mouse, approximate human
age 25 days, frontolateral view.
Scanning electron micrograph 11.1 SEM showing
pharyngeal arches. On twenty seventh day (by the
time that anterior neuropore closes), the first
and second pharyngeal arches are evident.
Species mouse, approximate human age 27 days,
lateral view.
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70 Clinical cases For early clinical exposure of
various clinical anomalies encountered by eminent
clinicians.

• 70 clinical cases are described with proper
  explanations, labelling, and belong to Indian
  population
• It will stimulate the insight of the student to
  see these cases in the classes of Early Clinical
  exposures

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Clinical image 30.2 Conjoined twins Thoracopagus
Clinical image 21.4 Perineal Hypospadias
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Clinical image 10.3 Harlequin ichthyosis.
Clinical Image 11.1. A. Unilateral branchial
cleft cyst (right). B. Excised branchial cyst
from the same case.
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Practice figures Easy to draw figures in theory
examination.

• Specially given to help the student for theory
  exam preparation
• After understanding 3D images, few important line
  diagrams are given for the student to replicate
  the in the theory examination

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Practice figure 2.3 Structure of ovum.
Figure 2.9 Ovum
Easy to draw
Difficult to draw
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Practice figure 8.1 Head and tail folds of embryo
Easy to draw
Difficult to draw
Figure 8.7 Formation of craniocaudal (head and
tail) foldings of the embryo.
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Practice figure 11.2 Derivatives of the
pharyngeal pouches
Figure 11.9 Derivatives of the pharyngeal
pouches.
Difficult to draw Give more idea about reality
Easy to draw Do not give idea about reality
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Additional topics/chapters

• Special chapters on
• Chapter 3 Menstrual cycle
• Chapter 5 Assisted reproductive techniques
  (includes IVF)
• Chapter 10 Integumentary system Skin and its
  appendages
• Chapter 11 pharyngeal apparatus
• Chapter 26 Skeletal system
• Chapter 27 Muscular system
• Chapter 29 Clinical applications and
  ultrasonography in embryology
• Chapter 30 Twins

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Some Images from book
Figure 2.2 Process of spermatogenesis.
Figure 2.4 Structure of sperm.
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Some Images from Yogeshs Embryology
Figure 3.2 Layers of uterine endometrium during
proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, and
blood supply of endometrium
Figure 4.3 Fertilisation. Phase of sperm
penetration through coverings of the ovum
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Some Images from Yogeshs Embryology
Figure 4.7 Blastocyst. Differentiation of inner
cell mass into epiblast and hypoblast.
Figure 6.2 Day 9 embryo. Formation of
trophoblastic lacunae.
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Some Images from Yogeshs Embryology
Figure 8.2 Embryo by day 24 side view
Figure 6.6 Day 13 Development of extraembryonic
coelom and formation of secondary yolk sac.
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Some Images from Yogeshs Embryology
Figure 10.2 Development of hair. Shaft of hair
follicle develops form surface ectoderm
Figure 8.11 Sagittal section of the embryo
showing the derivatives of the endoderm.
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Some Images from Yogeshs Embryology
Figure 12.4 Development of the palate
Figure 11.11 Anomalies of the position of the
thyroid gland and locations of the thyroglossal
cyst
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Figure 14.4 Transverse section through the
region of the stomach showing the changes in the
position of stomach, liver and spleen.
Figure 14.12 Development of the anal canal.
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Figure 17.3 Separations of the pericardial,
pleural and peritoneal cavities from each other.
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Scanning electron micrograph 18.3 Heart chambers
and outflow tract.
Figure 18.15 Tetralogy of Fallot.
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Figure 18.8 Development of interatrial septum.
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Figure 19.3 Relation of the pharyngeal arch
arteries with foregut
Figure 19.11 Cross section of the embryo showing
major embryonic veins.
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Figure 20.3 A 28 days foetus showing pronephros,
mesonephros and metaneprhos.
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Figure 22.4 Development of spinal cord.
Figure 21.6 Anomalies of processus vaginalis. A.
Hydrocoele. B. Encysted hydrocoele. C. Hydrocoele
with congenital inguinal hernia.
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Figure 22.7 Developing spinal cord positional
changes
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Figure 22.16 A In 8-week embryo, section
showing medial surface of the right half of the
telencephalon and diencephalon (red broken line
indicates the plane of the section for B, C and
D).
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Figure 22.18 Formation of commissures of
telencephalon at 10 weeks (A) and 16 weeks (B).
For integration of the activity of right and left
cerebral hemispheres, commissures play a key role.
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Figure 22.1 Fully developed eyeball.
Figure 23.3 Further development of eyeball (Day
29 and 33).
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Figure 24.3 Development of membranous labyrinth.
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Figure 25.3 Cross section of embryo showing
developing adrenal gland
Figure 27.3 Myotomes
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Figure 26.3 Endochondral ossification
(development of long bone)
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About author Dr Yogesh SontakkeMBBS, MD
(Anatomy)

• Currently working as Associate professor
  (Anatomy) at Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate
  Medical Education Research (JIPMER) (An
  Institution of National Importance under the
  Ministry of Health Family Welfare, Government
  of India), Pondicherry.
• He also author other books
• Principles of Histological Techniques,
  Immunohistochemistry and Microscopy
• Principles of Clinical Genetics
• Principles of Scientific writing