CBRN Respirators3

1
Respiratory Protection Programs (RPP) in SWAT
Teams

• Terrence K. Cloonan
• Physical Scientist
  SCSS Team, Office of the Director,
  NPPTL, NIOSH
• Los Angeles Police Department and Surrounding
  Jurisdictions
• Los Angeles, California
• October 21, 2010

2
Constitution Initiative - OATH

• I, name, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
  will support and defend the Constitution of the
  United States against all enemies, foreign and
  domestic that I will bear true faith and
  allegiance to the same that I take this
  obligation freely, without any mental reservation
  or purpose of evasion and that I will well and
  faithfully discharge the duties of the office on
  which I am about to enter. So help me God.
  5 U.S.C. 333¹

3
OVERVIEW

• ? About NIOSH
• Acronym List
• CBRN Respirators
• Why have a Respiratory Protection Program?
• Examples of Respirator Use or Needs - in SWAT
• OSHA and NIOSH References for Developing an RPP
• Local Technology, Recognition Vignette, NIOSH CEL
  
• Outlines of RPP in Use City, County, and State
• Example Proposed MODEL RPP SWAT 10 Areas
• Local Workplace Discussions

4
Federal Hierarchy FY2011
HHS
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH)
NIOSH
Div/Labs
National Personal Protective Technology
Laboratory (NPPTL)
5
About NIOSH

• NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational
  Safety and Health is a federal agency
  responsible for conducting research and making
  recommendations for the prevention of
  work-related injury and illness.
• MISSION The mission of NIOSH is to generate new
  knowledge in the field of occupational safety and
  health and to transfer that knowledge into
  practice for the betterment of workers.
• OSH Act of 1970 The Occupational Safety and
  Health Act of 1970 created both NIOSH and the
  Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  (OSHA). Source NIOSH web page, 6/16/2010.

6
NIOSH Demographics

• Division of Respiratory Disease Studies (DRDS)
• Division of Safety Research (DSR)
• Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD)
• Education and Information Division (EID)
• Division of Applied Research and Technology
  (DART)
• Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and
  Field Studies (DSHEFS) with State OSH activities
• Division of Compensation Analysis and Support
  (DCAS)
• Research to Practice (R2P) Initiative
• Spokane Research Laboratory
• Pittsburgh Research Laboratory
• Alaska Regional ? Western State Offices

• Office of the Director, NIOSH
• Office of Extramural Programs
• Office of Mine Safety and Health
• National Personal Protective Technology
  Laboratory (NPPTL) Pittsburgh, PA
• Source NIOSH web page, 6/16/2010

7
NIOSH Personal Protective Technology (PPT) Program
MISSION The mission of the NIOSH Personal
Protective Technology program is to prevent
work-related injury, illness, and death by
advancing the state of knowledge and application
of PPT. PPT in this
context is defined as the technical methods,
processes, techniques, tools, and materials that
support the development and use of personal
protective equipment worn by individuals to
reduce the effects of their exposure to a hazard.
VISION The NPPTL vision is to be the
leading provider of quality, relevant, and timely
PPT research, training, and evaluation.

Last updated by OAMS/ASB on
December 8, 2009

8
NIOSH PPT Program

• Mine Escape Issues
• Respirator Certification
• Mine Emergency Respirator
• Investigations
• New Technology Research
• Escape Respirator Research
• Escape Respirator
• Standards
• MSHA Collaboration

• CBRN Issues
• Respirator Standards
• Development
• CBRN PPT Research
• Respirator Certification
• NFPA/IAFF Collaboration
• TSWG IAA
• OSHA Collaboration

• Pandemic Issues
• N95 Respirator Research
• Standards (Total Inward
• Leakage)
• Respirator Certification
• FDA Collaboration
• National Academies
• Activities
• Pandemic Planning Response

• Nanotechnology Issues
• Filtration Research
• Protective Clothing Research
• Respirator Research
• Respirator Certification
• Workplace Guidance

9
Stakeholders in CBRN Protection
10
Acronym List

• CBRN Chemical, biological, radiological, and
  nuclear
• SCBA Self-contained breathing apparatus
• APR Air-purifying respirator (Gas Mask)
• PAPR Powered air-purifying respirator (Tight or
  Loose)
• LAT Live agent test/testing
• TRA,TIC, MSDS Test representative agent
  (TRA). Toxic industrial chemical (TIC). Material
  safety data sheet.
• CWA Chemical warfare agent (i.e. GB/Sarin,
  HD/Blister)
• RCA Riot control agent(s) (Irritants i.e. CS,
  CN, OC)
• TC Number Testing and certification approval
  number
• RPP Respiratory protection program

11
CBRN Respirator Standards Training

• DHS/NIST/ECBC/CDC/NIOSH
• CBRN SCBA Standard 2001
• Flexible CBRN SCBA Program 2002
• CBRN SCBA Retrofit Program 2003
• CBRN Respirator RD Program 2003
• CBRN APR Standard 2003
• CBRN APER Standard 2003
• DHS adopts NIOSH CBRN Standards 2004
• CBRN PAPR Standard 2006
• AIHce PDC 408 CBRN Training course 2010
• DHS/ECBC/NIOSH Standards in Development
• CBRN Closed Circuit SCBA (CC-SCBA),
• CBRN SCER, and CBRN SAR w/10min Escape
• Census data 2003

12
CBRN Tiers of Approval

• 42 CFR Part 84 Applicable sections per
  respirator approval schedule
• Third Party Standards Benchmarking and adoption
  of federal specifications or consensus standards
• Common Special Tests
• 1) Sarin (GB) aerosol-vapor SMARTMAN headform
  for live-agent testing (LAT)
• 2) Mustard (HD) aerosol-vapor and liquid
  SMARTMAN headform for LAT
• 3) Laboratory Respirator Protection Level (LRPL)
  w/corn oil particulate human test subjects and
  respirators donned per UI
  Source AIHA NIOSH PDC
  408 CBRN 8 hr course, 2010

13
CBRN Canister Capacity Testing

• Air-Purifying Use 139 CBRN agent threats are
  filtered out.
• Test Representative Agents (TRA) 139 respiratory
  threats are subdivided into 7 hazard families.
  Each family is then evaluated by one or more of
  11 NIOSH listed TRA.
• TRA is Cyclohexane Organic Vapor (OV) 61 TIC.
  OV covers CS/CN
• TRA are SO2, H2S, CNCL, COCL2, HCN
  Acid Gas (AG) family
  32 TIC
• TRA is Ammonia Base gas family 4 TIC
• TRA is Phosphine Hydride family 4 TIC
• TRA is Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide 5 TIC
• TRA is Formaldehyde Formaldehyde 1 TIC
• TRA is DOP Particulate 3 chemical,16 RAD,
  and 13 BWA.
  RCA aerosol particulate is filtered
  Source Adapted from
  AIHA NIOSH PDC 408 CBRN 8 hour course, May 23,
  2010.

14
NIOSH CBRN SCBA TC-Number

• Systems Approval NIOSH issues a testing and
  certification
• TC- Number with CBRN Suffix
  TC-13F-XXXXCBRN
• Recognition On labels located on the
  respirator and in UI.
• Caution Limitation Statements Specific to the
  level and type of respiratory protection awarded
  
• Interoperability Different parts may fit but
  that does not ? an approved system.
• UI Know/keep Users Instructions

15
Why have a Respiratory Protection Program?

• State OSHA plan for public sector workers
• Insurance
• Methodical purpose
• Respiratory protection Program (RPP) orders
  define actions for
• oxygen deficiency
• CS, OC, RCA, Calmatives
• CBRN/WMD, TIC, H1N1, H2S Suicides, and unknowns
• Build a training foundation

16
Published Law Enforcement RPP

• California Commission on Peace Officer Standards
  and Training (POST) http//lib.post.ca.gov/Public
  ations/respiratory-program2.pdf
• Illinois Department of Labor and Illinois Law
  Enforcement Alarm System (ILEAS)
• http//www.ileas.org/Policies/Respirator20Policy-
  Sample20Nov2007.pdf
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/labor_issues/idol
  august2003.pdf
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/idol
  july2003.pdf
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/matr
  ix.htm
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/main
  .htm
• City and County of San Francisco Police
  Department, California
• Seminole County, Florida. Broward County,
  Florida. Orange County, California. Fairfax
  County, Virginia.

17
Examples of Respirator Use

• Use is prevalent but there are evolving written
  respiratory protection programs. PPE specific
  SOG/SOP still exist.
• Chemical Agent CS/OC/Smoke Systematic and
  tactical Gas-Out (SGO/TGO) police tactics
  exist.
• SCBA and combative (APR) 40 32 hour training
  courses exist.
• City County WMD CS House confidence
  exercises.
• DOD and Army Surplus APR.

18
Hot Gas (CS OC) Delivery Systems

• Use of hand deployed versus via charged air
  cylinders
• Is there a best practice?
• The making of multi-mission aerosol delivery
  systems is to manufacturer specifications.
  Technology is marketed as
• Non-lethal terrorist suppression or repel
  ocean-going Pirates
• Crowd control and civil unrest
• SWAT team tactical response
• Prison riots/prisoner extraction

19
Discussions on CS House and Open Air HOT
GAS Training

• SCBA, APR, PAPR used
• Students with APR or SCBA APR
• Instructors with PAPR or no mask
• House or Open-Air Pyrotechnic CS
• LCt 50 formula- 38 grenades calculated to create
  a lethal concentration 8 used in house
• Exposure Levels 1, 2, or 3 Condition
• 4-Gas Detectors CO , or not used
• Decontamination H2O and open air

20
Debriefs on Confidence Training in CS

• Multiple brands and makes of munitions used
  multiple types of MSDS multiple types and
  concentrations of toxic industrial chemicals
  possible (starter mixture, fuel mixture, and
  actual RCA)
• CBRN Cap 1, CS/CN, OV/P100
• SCBA two-finger function check as a user seal
  check
• All batteries removed. Users prefer to use analog
  gauge

21
Other SWAT Team Workplace Hazards

• Lead (Pb) exposure from indoor ranges. NIOSH
  publication 2009-136 http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs
  /2009-136/
• Ship boarding missions
• Rapid expansion of air or other TIC from
  targeted SCBA or mini-torch fuel cylinders worn
  and used by operators
• Shooter inhalation of weapon discharge
  fume/aerosol/smoke
• Operator exposure to breaching tool fumes
  signaling or diversionary munitions particulates
  or gases

22
Flash-Bang Detonation Discussions

• MSDS for each type of munition should be
  available for user view
• Section 2 of the MSDS where it lists the starter
  mixture, fuel mixture, and other compounds the
  TIC PEL/REL should be known for all TIC listed
  and the occupational exposure health impact for
  each compound listed should be assessed.
• Door Entry Require APR

23
Flash-Bang Visible Particulate and ?
24
Riot Control Agent Scientific References

• OSHA Health Guidelines for a-chloroacetophenone,
  Mace/CN/Tear Gas http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthg
  uidelines/a-chloroacetophenone/index.html
• CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response
  Riot Control Agents (CN, CS, PS, CA, and CR)
  http//emergency.cdc.gov/agent/riotcontrol/
• CDC/NIOSH Emergency Response Safety and Health
  Database Chloroacetophenone (CN)
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseC
  ard_29750033.html
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 2005
  o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0122.html
  
  and Chloropicrin (PS)
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0132.html
• NIOSH STP 0050, Determination of CS Service
  Life Test for APR, 2005 http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/
  npptl/stps/pdfs/RCT-APR-0050.pdf

25
Literature Search on RPP CS/RCA Terms

• Respirator Labor Issues, ILEAS Mask Project
  http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Main.html and
  www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/main.htm
• North Carolina DOL Facial Hair and Respirator
  Use http//www.nclabor.com/osha/PublicSN/SN55A.pd
  f
• Measuring Respirator Use in the Workplace,
  NRC/NAS http//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id
  11799page17
• Military Authorized to Use Riot Control Agents in
  Iraq, Arms Control Association, 2003
  http//www.armscontrol.org/print/1277
• 6th ILEF for Minimal Force Options Less-Lethal
  Technologies report, INLDT, PSU, 2008
  http//www.nldt.org/publications.php
• Reno Nevada SWAT Use Tear Gas to End Stand Off,
  August 25, 2010 http//www.mynews4.com/story.php?
  id26319
• Collier SWAT Uses Tear Gas to Force East Naples
  Man From Home, 8/23/10 http//www.naplesnews.com/n
  ews/2010/aug/23/collier-swat-team-east-naples-leaw
  ood-circle/

26
OSHA and NIOSH References for a RPP

• OSHA Publication 3352-02, Assigned Protection
  Factors for the Revised Respiratory Protection
  Standard, 2009
• OSHA Directive CPL 2-2.54A, RPP Guidelines, 2000
  http//www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_docum
  ent?p_tableDIRECTIVESp_id2125
• NIOSH NPPTL Respirator Trusted Source Information
  Page, RPP Frequently Asked Questions
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/
  disp_part/RespSource3.htmlrespirator
• NIOSH Publication No. 99-143, TB RPP Health Care
  Facilities Administrators Guide,
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-143/
• NIOSH Publication No. 87-116, Chapter 4,
  Respirator Use http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/87-11
  6.pdf

27
Local Respirator Technology In-Use

• SCBA SCOTT and DRAEGER
• APR SCOTT M95, AVON FM12, C50, and M53
• MIL-SPEC respirator technology with or
  without a facepiece- PATRIOT
  breathing and welding torch man-packed platform.
• NIOSH-APPROVAL NOTE NIOSH issues certificates of
  approval for specific and complete respirator
  assemblies after the respirator has been
  evaluated and found to comply with all the
  requirements of the NIOSH regulations found at
  Title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 84.

28
NIOSH-Approved CBRN SCBA ID

• Vignette Told to use a SCBA. The UI is missing.
  The respirator might have labels on it, it might
  not. Is it MIL-SPEC? Is it NIOSH-Approved? Is it
  EN/CEN-approved? CSE compliant? How do you know?
  Counterfeits?
• Answer 1) Know your respirator. 2)Locate and
  read the adhesive labels. 2) Locate the NIOSH
  TC-number. 3) Read and apply the user
  instructions (UI). 4) Know manufacturer unique
  markings from NFPA, NIOSH, NIJ labels
  5) Use the NIOSH CEL.

29
NIOSH Certified Equipment List (CEL)

• CEL Electronic listing of approved respirators
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/
  CEL/default.html
• DHS FEMA RKB RKB lists the NPPTL homepage.
• Ease-of-Use CEL quick defined search
  software http//www2a.cdc.gov/drds/cel/cel_form_co
  de.asp
• Quick Search Capability Four categories of
  searchable CEL SCBA, APR, APER, PAPR
• CBRN APPROVALS 94 records SCBA 62, APR
  12, APER 6, and PAPR 14 Source
  NIOSH CEL 10/14/2010.

30
RPP In Use Outline Extract Example

• City and County Municipality-PD 43 pages
• Title RPP. Prepared by Approved by Table of
  Contents
• Purpose, Scope, Objectives, Roles and
  Responsibilities
• PPE Equipment and Conditions of Use matrix
• Threats Summary Exposure Matrix by Function
  team
• Air-Purifying Media Change Out Schedule Use
  Guidance
• Medical Physical Requirements, Evaluations by
  Zone
• Pillars Fit Testing, Training, SCBA/APR Use,
  Maintenance
• Logistics Storage, Program Evaluation, Record
  Keeping
• 7 Appendices Fit test certificate, PPE
  Inspection Forms etc.

31
RPP in Use Outline Extract Example 2

• City Municipality PD 14 pages
• Title Respirator Protection (RP). Table of
  Contents.
• Scope, Purpose, Minimum Requirements for RP
• Responsibilities In General and RP
  Administrator
• Selection Selection and Use of Respirators
• Use Pillars Cleaning Disinfection, Storage, Fit
  Testing
• What to Keep Records, Instruction/Training
  Information
• Medical Status Analysis, Follow-Up,
  Questionnaires, etc.
• Program Evaluation Employee Consultations
• Updating the Written RPP. Disposition of Written
  RPP.

32
RPP in Use Outline Extract Example 3

• County Municipality- Sheriffs Office 16 pages
• Title RPP. SOP XX-XXX. Effective date.
  Replace/rescind
• Purpose, Responsibilities WMD Coord, Fit Test
  Operators
• Medical Evaluation OSHA 1910.134 cited
  exemptions
• Selection and Use of Respiratory Protective
  Devices (RPE)
• Training Operations Donning, Limitations, SCBA
  Use
• Fit Testing Eligibility, Requirements, Checks,
  QNFT, Hair
• Cleaning and Maintenance Specific to a make and
  model
• Glossary 16 definitions/acronyms.
• Effective date. Approved By First level and
  Second level

33
RPP in Use Outline Extract Example 4

• County Municipality Sheriffs Office 13 pages
• Title SOP-Tactical Opns in a Hazardous
  Environment (WMD Response), Revised October 7,
  2009
• Purpose Scope/General Direction, Detailed
  procedures/Tng
• Medical Evaluations Screening SWAT, EOD, TVO
  data
• Pillars Fit Testing/QNFT, Equipment Inspections,
  Deployment, Repair, Maintenance, Air Monitoring
  Procedures, Operational Considerations, Pre Entry
  Procedures, Rapid Recon/Entry Team, PPE, Chemical
  Detection Equipment, Decon, Med Surveillance,
  Post Incident Debriefing
• Diagrams SCBA/PPE Trailer Deployment Layout/load
  plan SCBA Air Supply Time Log for management of
  10 users

34
RPP in Use Outline Extract Example 5

• State Government Law Enforcement 4 pages
• Title RPP. Effective Date July 1, 2004
• Policy The Anywhere Police Department generic
  form
• Purpose. Definitions 8 listed. Applies to
  Sworn officers
• Pillars Procedure-Responsibilities, Selection,
  Fit Testing, Use of the Respirator (APR,
  APR Canisters, Carried)
• Maintenance and Inspection Cleaning done per
  training
• Training Donning, Threading, Doffing, Annual
  Refresher
• Special Use Any use that is not Escape Only.
  Full RPP.
• Evaluation of Program Annual basis and who
  evaluates

35
MODEL SWAT RPP Outline 10 Areas

• Official Title, Cover, Signature Pages, with
  effective date
• Purpose, scope, and objectives paragraphs.
  Appoint RPPA
• Applicable missions generate Task and Supply
  Lists
• List and Define Roles and Responsibilities 19
  possible
• Respirator Inventory Assign to task list. Make
  Load Plan
• Conduct Hazard Analysis Create Master Mission
  Matrix
• Create Training Support Matrix to mission matrix
• Define Medical Evaluation and Re-evaluation of
  officers
• Define regulatory compliance maintenance of
  respirators
• Define program administration, evaluation, and
  appendices

36
Local Workplace Discussions

• WILD LAND FIRES Wild land fire incident
  respiratory hazards for patrol officers. Is there
  a new standard?
• HYDRATION DEVICES Use of NIOSH-approved
  respirators containing an integrated hydration
  device and the connection technologies to allow a
  user to drink potable water from a
  non-NIOSH-approved accessory, such as a connected
  canteen or other water reservoir container in an
  all-clear, decontamination corridor, or
  contaminated zone/hot zone/red zone type of
  environment. Is there a new standard to address
  the approval of the reservoir?
• As understood from a telephone conversation with
  Officer Adams, October 12, 2010.

37
Wildland Firefighting and Hydration

• NFPA 1984, Standard on Respirators for Wildland
  Fire Fighting Operations, proposed.
• TIA to be issued.
• Expect the new standard to be published on or
  around February 2011.
• Only NIOSH-approved respirators (APR/PAPR) will
  be described. NFPA standard does not require the
  use of respirators that decision is determined
  by each agency. CO monitoring should also be
  implemented simultaneously.
• Hydration 3.9 of CBRN APR Standard, 2003.
  Procedure RCT-APR-STP-0014 evaluates the dry
  drinking tube assembly for air leakage. Use is
  per NIOSH CL UI.

38
Remember A Users Seal Check
is not a Fit Test!

• This concludes the training.
• Subject to your questions.
• Contact
• Terrence K. Cloonan
• tcloonan_at_cdc.gov
• As of October 15, 2010

39
Acknowledgements

• Officer Craig Adams, Los Angeles Police
  Department, Counter Terrorism Training Unit, Los
  Angeles, CA
• Officer Scott Hurley, San Francisco Police
  Department, Special Operations Group, Tactical
  Unit, San Francisco, California
• CPT Ed Allen, Sheriffs Office, Seminole County,
  Florida
• LT Shane Francisco, San Francisco Fire
  Department, Intelligence Officer, Northern
  California Regional Intelligence Center (NCRIC),
  California
• Edward L. Hughes, Applied Research Laboratory,
  The Pennsylvania State University, State
  College, PA

40

• Disclaimer
• The findings and conclusions in this
  presentation have not been formally disseminated
  by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
  and Health and should not be construed to
  represent any agency determination or policy.
• The mention of any company name or product does
  not constitute endorsement by the National
  Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  (NIOSH).
• Source
• NIOSH, National Personal Protective Technology
  Laboratory (NPPTL)
• P.O. Box 18070
• Pittsburgh, PA 15236
• [phone] http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/de
  fault.html

41
Questions for NPPTL

• DTG
• Source
• Topic
• Question