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Title: ias foundation course in delhi

1
EDEN IAS
Educational Development Enrichment
Network STEPS DAILY MAINS ANSWER
WRITING NAME_____________________________________
__________________________________ DATE__________
__________________________________________________
____________ SUBJECT____________________________
________________________________________
INVIGILATORS SIGNATURE
CANDIDATES SIGNATURE
11-B/8, FIRST FLOOR TEWARI HOUSE, OPPOSITE METRO
PILLAR NO. 137 PUSA ROAD, KAROL BAGH, NEW
DELHI CONTACT 011-40197652 9315215980
9315227819 Email edenias96_at_gmail.com
connect.edenias_at_gmail.com website www.edenias.com
2

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES
Please read each of the following instructions
carefully before attempting questions
There are FOUR questions printed in ENGLISH.
All the questions are compulsory.
The number of marks carried by a question is
indicated against it.
Word limit in the questions, wherever specified
should be adhered to.
Content is more important than length.
Any page or portion of the page, left blank in
the Question-cum-Answer(QCA) Booklet must be
clearly struck off.

(MODEL ANSWERS)
STEPS 18/06/2018- (General Studies-I)
Q1. Indian Society is institutionalized,
multiclass, multi-ethnic and assimilative in
nature- Elucidate. (10)
Approach
Try to focus on the various key words used in the
question. There are four important key words
used in the question viz. institutionalized,
multiclass, multi-ethnic and assimilative.
The Command of the question (in this case
Elucidate) must not be missed. The answer
should be written in the light of the command.
Otherwise it is a useless exercise. Elucidate
means To explain or to make something appear
more cogent and clear.
It is only a ten-marker and hence content should
be balanced in such a way that all key words are
given adequate and as much as possible equal
space in your answer.
You can also provide some examples it would add
more muscle to your arguments.
Answer
India is a vast country and its society is highly
evolved. Social life continues in India from the
Indus Valley Civilization around 2500 BC to the
present day. During this very long period, Indian
society has undergone many changes it
assimilated many cultures and was influenced by
many foreign societies. It not only gave
adequate space to everyone but also created an
ecosystem where others can contribute and
flourish. Blood and kinship ties drive the Indian
Social Fabric. Indian Society is highly
institutionalized, multiclass, multi-ethnic and
assimilative in nature.
Institutionalization Indian society is
institutionalized in nature in the form of well
developed systems like Family, Marriage, Gotra
and Caste System. The Indian Social life is
dominated and crowded by institutions. An
average Indian person traverses through these
institutions at different times, throughout the
course of his life.
Multi-class Indian Society is multi-class in
nature due to the coexistence of several classes
in
India. These classes have both economic and
social manifestations. The classes in India are
not only a direct outcome of unequal
distribution of wealth but also due to denial of
opportunity.
Multi-Ethnic Ethnicity is a biological concept
that roughly relates to racial divisions. India
has seen bands of immigration and thus almost
all the major ethnic groups are found in India.
For instance Negrito, Proto-astroloid, Nordic,
Mongoloid, Western Brachycephals etc. However the
different races have intermingled in India to
such an extent that to segregate one from the
other is almost impossible today. India is thus
both Multi-Ethnic and mixed-blood society.

11
India as merchants, rulers, invaders, traders,
travelers, refugees etc. Indian not only welcomed
them but also imbibed some of their values to
enrich Indian Culture and society. Unity in
Diversity is an inherent feature of the Indian
society. Diversity in India exists at various
levels and in different forms. However, beneath
this diversity, there is an underlying current of
fundamental unity in social institutions and
practices.

Q2. Discuss various evidences that substantiate
the existence of Pangaea and indicate that
another one is impending. (10)
Approach
In the introduction try to give a brief
explanation of Pangaea through Continental Drift
of Wegener, in not more than two to three lines.
Do not waste your time in explaining the
continental drift theory. Address the true demand
of the question. After all it is only a ten-
marker.
The question is just asking for evidences in
support of the claim that Pangaea once existed,
so
try to give as many evidences as you can.
Try to provide some illustrations to substantiate
your evidences. Illustrations could be diagrams,
flowcharts, maps etc.
Finally through Plate- Tectonics and Sea Floor
Spreading prove that another super continent is
impending.
Answer
Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that
existed during the late Paleozoic and early
Mesozoic eras. As per Alfred Wegeners
Continental Drift Theory it assembled from
earlier continental units approximately 335
million years ago, and it began to break apart
about 175 million years ago In contrast to the
present Earth and its distribution of continental
mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern
hemisphere and surrounded by a super-ocean,
Panthalasa. Pangaea was the most recent
supercontinent to have existed and the first to
be reconstructed by geologists. The following are
some of the evidences in support of the
existence of Pangaea.
Jig-Saw Fit It has been noted that the
coastlines of South America and West Africa seem
to match up, however more particularly the
terrains of separate continents conform as well.
Examples include the Appalachian Mountains of
eastern North America linked with the Scottish
Highlands, the familiar rock strata of the Karroo
system of South Africa matched correctly with
the Santa Catarina system in Brazil, and the
Brazil and Ghana mountain ranges agreeing over
the Atlantic Ocean.
Fossil remains There are various examples of
fossils found on separate continents and in no
other regions. This indicates that these
continents had to be once joined together because
the

12
extensive oceans between these land masses act as
a type of barrier for fossil transfer. Four
fossil examples include the Mesosaurus,
Cynognathus, Lystrosaurus, and Glossopteris.

JIG SAW FIT
Typical Behaviour of Lemmings Lemmings are small
animals in Scandinavia whenever there is
population pressure among lemmings they run
towards the west as the Urals act as a barrier in
the east. However as they reach the Atlantic
Shores they flounder in to the ocean. This
typical behaviour only proves that once land
existed beyond that point.
Gold Placer Deposits in Brazil They are believed
to be sourced from Africa and River Niger is
held responsible for such deposition. It is
possible only when Africa and South America are
joined.
Paleomagnetic evidence The old rocks of
Appalachians in North America and Kjollen in
Western Europe show striking Paleomagnetic
similarity (Same Magnetic inclination or dip).
This proves that they were formed almost at the
same latitude. This is possible only when they
were joined.
Carboniferous Glaciations Many parts like Africa
and Peninsular India have traces of glacial
deposits. When one looks at their present climate
such glaciations appears an extremely bleak

13
possibility. In fact Africa and Peninsular India
were not only once joined but placed near the
South Pole (Part of Gondwanaland). The Modern
city of Durban was located at the South
Pole. Fossil distribution, glacier-made scars
and other lines of evidence tell us that at least
three Pangea- like supercontinents have occurred
throughout the course of Earth's lifetime. There
was Nuna, which came together about 1.8 billion
years ago. After it split apart, the continents
recombined into Rodinia roughly 800 million
years later. Eventually, this too broke into
fragments. Pangea represented the next and to
date, most recent reunion of Nuna and Rodinia's
former components. Going forward, the
established pattern of drifting and merging will
only continue. Plate tectonics and Sea floor
spreading have only added credence to the drift
school. Among geologists, the consensus is that
a future Pangea-style supercontinent is going to
form at some point within the next 300 million
years. What's debatable, though, is the manner in
which that'll happen.

Q3. The Industrial Revolution has two phases
one material, the other social one concerning
the making of things, the other concerning the
making of men.-Comment. (15)
Approach
The question has a dualistic nature and hence
your answer should also incorporate such
dualism. In simple words, first comment on the
material changes brought about by Industrial
revolution and then comment on the social
repercussions that emanated out of the industrial
revolution.
The command used in the question should be
deciphered properly. In this instance the
command that is used is Comment- which means to
express an opinion or reaction in speech or
writing.
Answer
The Industrial Revolution, which took place from
the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during
which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in
Europe and America became industrial and urban.
Some of the Material changes brought about by
industrial revolution were
Commercialized production of goods - Products
were now made by machine and at much faster
pace. Thus it affected the price of goods and the
goods became cheaper due to economies of scale.
Innovation and specialisation got a push - Since
mass production at cheaper rates was the main
aim of the industrialists as they wanted to
create maximum profit innovation in technology
and machinery along with specialisation got an
impetus during the industrial revolution. The
textile industry, in particular, was transformed
by industrialization.
Transportation and the Industrial Revolution -
The transportation industry also underwent
significant transformation during the Industrial
Revolution. Before the advent of the steam
engine, raw materials and finished goods were
hauled and distributed via horse-drawn wagons,
and by boats along canals and rivers.

Communication in the Industrial Revolution -
Communication became easier during the
Industrial Revolution with such inventions as the
telegraph. In 1837, two Brits, William Cooke
(1806-1879) and Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875),
patented the first commercial electrical
telegraph. By 1840, railways were a
Cooke-Wheatstone system, and in 1866, a telegraph
cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic.
Banking and secondary markets in the Industrial
Revolution - The Industrial Revolution also saw
the rise of banks and industrial financiers, as
well as a factory system dependent on owners and
managers. A stock exchange was established in
London in the 1770s
However with all these material developments the
social sphere also transformed drastically.
Some of the social repercussions of the
Industrial revolution were
The emergence of Bourgeoisie The Industrial
Revolution brought about a greater volume and
variety of factory-produced goods and raised the
standard of living for many people, particularly
for the middle classes.
Capitalism was accepted as the model of growth -
An economic system based on profit, free
enterprise, the private ownership of means of
production, and lack of government interference
was celebrated during the industrial revolution.
The invisible hand of Adam Smith was ruling the
order.
Poverty, hunger and inequality - However, life
for the poor and working classes continued to be
filled with challenges. Wages for those who
labored in factories were low and working
conditions could be dangerous and monotonous.
Unskilled workers had little job security and
were easily replaceable. Children were part of
the labor force and often worked long hours and
were used for such highly hazardous tasks as
cleaning the machinery.
Lack of hygiene and diseases - Additionally,
urban, industrialized areas were unable to keep
pace with the flow of arriving workers from the
countryside, resulting in inadequate,
overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary
living conditions in which disease was rampant.
Stage set for emergence of socialism -
Conditions for Britains working-class began to
gradually improve by the later part of the 19th
century, as the government instituted various
labor reforms and workers gained the right to
form trade unions.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began
in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was
often done in peoples homes, using hand tools
or basic machines. Industrialization marked a
shift to powered, special-purpose machinery,
factories and mass production. The iron and
textile industries, along with the development
of the steam engine, played central roles in the
Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved
systems of transportation, communication and
banking. While industrialization brought about
an increased volume and variety of manufactured
goods and an improved standard of living for
some, it also resulted in often grim employment
and living conditions for the poor and working
classes.

Q4. With detailed illustrations and suitable
examples highlight the differences between
Nagara, Dravida and Vesara types of temple
architecture. (15)
Approach
The question calls for detailed illustrations and
thus it is expected from the aspirant to draw
some diagrams or charts while explaining the
various features of the Nagara, Dravida and
Vesara types of temple architecture.
The command should be deciphered correctly which
in this case is Highlight. Highlight means to
draw special attention or notice towards
something, either by speech, written records or
visual dimensions.
It also calls for suitable examples and thus you
should provide relevant examples of the three
types in your answer.
In conclusion you can either write about the
impact of socio-economic life on temple
architecture or conclude with some similarities
that exist between the three types of temple
architecture.
Note Here I am providing some extra information
as well which will address your requirements
regarding this topic.
Answer
A number of architectural texts known as the
Shilpashastras were written in early medieval
times. These refer to three major styles of
temple architecture, Nagara, Dravida, and Vesara.
The
Nagara style is associated with the land between
the Himalayas and Vindhyas.
Dravida style with the land between the Krishna
and Kaveri rivers,
Vesara style is sometimes associated with the
area between the Vindhyas and the Krishna river.

Main elements of Hindu Temples
Garbhagriha Literally means womb-house and is a cave like sanctum. Garbhagriha is made to house the main icon (main deity)
Mandapa It is the entrance to the temple. May be a portico or colonnaded (series of columns placed at regular intervals) hall that incorporate space for a large number of worshipers Some temples have multiple mandapas in different sizes named as Ardhamandapa, Mandapa and Mahamandapa
Shikhara or Vimana They are mountain like spire of a free standing temple. Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples. Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal
16
like structure
Amalaka A stone disc like structure at the top of the temple shikara.
Kalasha Topmost point of the temple above Amalaka.
Antarala (vestibule) A transition area between the Garbhagriha and the temples main hall (mandapa).
Jagati A raised platform for sitting and praying.
Vahana Vehicle of the temples main deity along with a standard pillar or Dhvaj.
NAGARA STYLE The Nagara style has its origin in
the structural temples of the Gupta period,
especially the Dashavtara temple of Deogarh and
the brick temple of Bhitargaon. Two distinct
features of the Nagara style are planning and
other elevation. The plan is square with a
number of gradual projections in the middle of
each side which imparts it a cruciform shape.
When there is one projection on each side, it is
called triratha, two projections
Pancharatha, three projections Saptharatha
and four projections Navaratha. These
projections can occur throughout the height of
the structure. In elevation it exhibits a tower
(shikhara) gradually inclining towards in a
convex curve. The projections in the plan are
also carried upwards to the top of the shikhara.
It is also called the rekha shikhara. In Nagara
style temples, the structure consists of two
buildings, the main shrine taller and an
adjoining shorter mandapa. The main difference
between these two is the shape of the shikhara.
In the main shrine, a bell shaped structure
further adds to the height. In this style, the
temples mainly are formed of four chambers,
first the Garbhagriha, then second Jagmohan,
third Natyamandir and fourth chamber the
Bhogamandir. Originally in Nagara style there
were no pillars. DRAVIDA STYLE The Dravida
Architectural style is associated with the
temples of southern India or Deccan. The earliest
traces of Dravida architectural features go back
to Gupta period and are not restricted to the far
south i.e. in Gupta period these traces occur in
northern and central India along with Deccan,
like in the Parvati temple at Lad Khan, Kont
Gudi and Meguti temples at Aihole. The
outstanding and the common characteristics of the
Dravida style is the pyramidal elevation of the
tower (vimari), which consists of a
multiplication of storey after storey slightly
reduced than the one below, ending in a domical
member, technically known as the stupi or stupica.
17

The two most important characteristics of Dravida
temple architecture is
Temples of this style has more than 4 sides in
the sanctum.
Tower or Vimana of these temples are pyramidal.
In different temples dedicated pavilions can be
seen like Shiva temples have dedicated mandapa of
Nandi the bull or Vishnu temples have garuda
mandapa. Boundary walls in south Indian temples
were built in early medieval period where north
Indian temples were not walled.
The Kailasanatha temple is a major example of the
Dravida Architecture. The Kailasanatha temple
complex is situated at Kanchi as a joint venture
of Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman II and his son
Mahendra III.

VESARA STYLE
It emerged during early medieval period. It is a
hybrid style that borrowed from the northern and
southern styles. So, it is a mixture of both
Nagara and Dravida styles of temple
architecture.
Temples built in the Deccan under the later
Chalukyas of Kalyani and Hoysalas are considered
examples of this style. Vesara style reduces the
height of the temple towers
even though the numbers of tiers are retained.
This is accomplished by reducing the height of
individual tiers.
The semi circular structures of the Buddhist
chaityas are also borrowed in this style, as in
the Durga temple of Aihole. Many temples in
Central India and Deccan have used the Vesara
style with regional modifications. The trend of
merging two styles was started by the Chalukyas
of Badami (500-735 AD) who built temples in a
style that was essentially a mixture of the
Nagara and Dravida styles, further refined by the
Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta (750-983 AD) in
Ellora, Chalukyas of Kalyani (983-1195 AD) in
Lakkundi, Dambal, Gadag etc. and epitomized by
the Hoysalas (1000-1330 AD).
Most of the temples built in Halebid, Belur and
Somanathapura are classified under this style.

18
EDEN IAS
Educational Development Enrichment
Network STEPS DAILY MAINS ANSWER
WRITING NAME_____________________________________
__________________________________ DATE__________
__________________________________________________
____________ SUBJECT____________________________
________________________________________
INVIGILATORS SIGNATURE
CANDIDATES SIGNATURE
11-B/8, FIRST FLOOR TEWARI HOUSE, OPPOSITE METRO
PILLAR NO. 137 PUSA ROAD, KAROL BAGH, NEW
DELHI CONTACT 011-40197652 9315215980
9315227819 Email edenias96_at_gmail.com
connect.edenias_at_gmail.com website www.edenias.com
19

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES
Please read each of the following instructions
carefully before attempting questions
There are FOUR questions printed in ENGLISH.
All the questions are compulsory.
The number of marks carried by a question is
indicated against it.
Word limit in the questions, wherever specified
should be adhered to.
Content is more important than length.
Any page or portion of the page, left blank in
the Question-cum-Answer(QCA) Booklet must be
clearly struck off.

NOTE
Candidates performance in the test would be
evaluated on the basis of five parameters
viz. 1.Understanding of the Questions. 2.Quality
of Content in the Answers. 3.Decipherment of the
Command. 4.Structuring of Arguements.
5.Presentation and Conclusion.
FEEDBACK
20
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Candidates must not write on this margin
The Constitutional guarantee of a Welfare State
in India shall remain elusive unless the state
plays a positively discriminatory role with
respect to the rights of the dis
abled.-Comment. 10
Q. 1
21
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Candidates must not write on this margin
What are the factors that create an imbalance of
power within a culture? How can they act as a
hurdle in the delivery of social justice. 10
Q. 2
22
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Candidates must not write on this margin
23
EDEN IAS
STEPS
The South Asian region is geopolitically fragile
hence India should play a leading role in the
region.- Critically Examine. 15
Candidates must not write on this margin
Q. 3
24
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Candidates must not write on this margin
25
EDEN IAS
STEPS
The Doctrine of Colorable legislation as
enunciated by the Supreme Court of India is a
bulwark against any constitutional fraud.
Elucidate. 15
Candidates must not write on this margin
Q. 4
26
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Candidates must not write on this margin
27
EDEN IAS

(MODEL ANSWERS)
STEPS 19/06/2018- (General Studies-II)
Q1. The Constitutional guarantee of a Welfare
State in India shall remain elusive unless the
state plays a positively discriminatory role
with respect to the rights of the
disabled.-Comment.
Approach
First and foremost spell the idea of Welfare
State in as many words as possible within the
given time and space constraints.
Highlight the idea of affirmative action and
positive discrimination.
Try to link these two concepts viz. Welfare state
and Affirmative action with the various
challenges faced by the disabled.
Answer
According to Aristotle, the state was a means to
fulfill certain fundamental needs of human
nature and was an instrument for development of
individuals personality in association of fellow
citizens.
A welfare state is a concept of government where
the state plays a key role in the protection and
promotion of the economic and social well-being
of its citizens. It is based on the principles of
equality of opportunity, equitable distribution
of wealth, and public responsibility for those
unable to avail themselves of the minimal
provisions for a good life.
Affirmative action, also known as positive action
is the policy of protecting members of groups
that are known to have previously suffered from
discrimination. Affirmative action has sought to
achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in
employment and pay, increasing access to
education, promoting diversity, and redressing
apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances.
The newly published report by the Equality and
Human Rights Commission (EHRC) titled
'Disability report Being disabled has clearly
outlined that very little progress has being made
over the past two decades. Things are still very
challenging for people with disabilities and, in
many cases, getting worse.

Deteriorating access to justice.
Welfare reforms significantly affecting the
already low living standards of disabled people.
Welfare state can also mean the creation of a
"social safety net" of minimum standards of
varying forms of welfare. The idea of Welfare
will remain elusive unless disability is treated
with affirmative action. The state while making
such laws must keep in mind that both physical
and mental disability along with various degrees
of disability is given adequate leverage and
space.
Q2. What are the factors that create an imbalance
of power within a culture? How can they act as a
hurdle in the delivery of social justice?
Approach
Systematically highlight the various factors that
create an imbalance of power within a culture.
Discuss the idea and motive behind Social
Justice.
Finally point out how such power-imbalances can
lead to a stigma and limitations.
Answer
There are many factors that create an imbalance
of power in a culture. Most of the factors and
values are so deeply ingrained in our society
that we go along with them without ever
questioning if they are 'right' or not. For
example, gender roles and uneven opportunities
for children. Gender roles are a large problem
in our society that many people aren't aware of.
This is a problem all over the world, including
India.
Imbalance of power within a culture may also
arise from prejudice, caste-based, class-based,
region- based, religion-based or race-based
disabilities. Social discrimination is defined as
sustained inequality between individuals on the
basis of illness, disability, religion, sexual
orientation, or any other measures of diversity.

Q3. The South Asian region is geopolitically
fragile hence India should play a leading role in
the region.- Critically Examine. (15)
Approach
Highlight the stakes of India in the
geopolitically fragile South Asian region.
Discuss some of the institutions and how India
can use the existing institutional framework to
further her objectives in the region.
Finally before you draw attention of the
evaluator towards the volatility and
unpredictability of foreign policy in the 21st
Century.
Answer
Since Independence, India has played a leading
role in multilateral fora. It was a founder
member of NAM (Non Aligned Movement), SAARC
(South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative
for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation), BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India,
China and South Africa), and BCIM (Bangladesh,
China, India and Myanmar). However nowhere else
the Indian stakes are as high as in South Asian
regional politics. Indian regional security and
economic growth is intertwined with the future of
South Asia.
Combined with the simultaneous re-emergence of
powers like China, Korea, Indonesia and others,
and with Japan now behaving as a more normal
power, geopolitics around southern Asia has
become much more complex. Power is much more
evenly distributed in the world than it was
during the Cold War and immediately thereafter.
The centre of gravity of the world economy and
politics is now the Asia-Pacific.
According to Harsh V. Pant, The Great Game of
this century will be played on the waters of the
Indian Ocean. Though Indias location gives it
great operational advantages in the IOR, it is by
no means certain that New Delhi is in a position
to hold on to its geographical advantages. China
is rapidly catching up and its ties with Sri
Lanka are aimed at expanding its profile in this
crucial part of the world. Indian policymakers
realize that unless they are more proactive they
might end up losing this game for good
Indias stakes in SAARC are, if anything, higher.
It is the most important country in South Asia,
and India was the progenitor of the idea of a
primarily economic grouping of countries of South
Asia. Admittedly, SAARC has been on
life-support for much of the period, but had
begun to display a new vigour and dynamism of
late. To undermine SAARC due to the ongoing
conflict between India and Pakistan may well be
an instance of throwing the baby out with the
bathwater.
International diplomacy is hardly a zero-sum
game. It has become even more complicated with
the passage of time. Hence, giving a new
direction to the countrys foreign policy demands
careful consideration and assessment of all
relevant aspects. Systemic, national and
decision-making factors must determine foreign
policy choices. Maintaining coherence and balance
is also a vital aspect.

Undoubtedly, Indias foreign policy has to evolve
in keeping with the changes and shifts taking
place across the globe and especially in South
Asia. Permanence in relations, and consistency in
alignments, is not a signal virtue in the world
of the 21st century. Not all relationships can or
should be regarded as cast in stone, and
impervious to change. This applies equally to
ideologies. Nevertheless changes, if any, must
not take place in an episodic manner, or as a
series of isolated steps.
Q4. The Doctrine of Colorable legislation as
enunciated by the Supreme Court of India is a
bulwark against any constitutional fraud.
Elucidate. (15)
Approach
Elaborate the Doctrine of Colorable legislation.
Draw its relationship with the Theory of
Separation of Powers.
Highlight the limitations of this Doctrine.
Discuss how it is a Fraud on the Constitution. In
other words how it breaks the spirit of the
constitution by making a mockery of
Constitutionalism and Constitutional limitations.
Answer
Doctrine of Colorable Legislation is built upon
the founding stones of the Doctrine of Separation
of Power. Separation of Power mandates that a
balance of power is to be struck between the
different components of the State i.e. between
the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary.
The Primary Function of the legislature is to
make laws. Whenever, Legislature tries to shift
this balance of power towards itself then the
Doctrine of Colorable Legislation is attracted to
take care of Legislative Accountability.
The literal meaning of Colorable Legislation is
that under the color or guise of power
conferred for one particular purpose, the
legislature cannot seek to achieve some other
purpose which it is otherwise not competent to
legislate on.
This Doctrine also traces its origin to a Latin
Maxim
Quando aliquid prohibetur ex directo, prohibetur
et per obliquum

Limitations on the Application of Doctrine of
Colorable Legislation
The doctrine has no application where the powers
of a Legislature are not fettered by any
Constitutional limitation.
The doctrine is also not applicable to
Subordinate Legislation.
The doctrine of colourable legislation does not
involve any question of bona fides or mala fides
on the part of the legislature. The whole
doctrine resolves itself into the, question of
competency of a particular legislature to enact
a particular law.
This Doctrine is also called as Fraud on the
Constitution. The failure to comply with a
Constitutional condition for the exercise of
legislative power may be overt or it may be
covert. When it is overt, we say the law is
obviously bad for non- compliance with the
requirements of the Constitution, that is to say,
the law is ultra vires. When, however, the
non-compliance is covert, we say that it is a
fraud on the Constitution the fraud
complained of being that the Legislature pretends
to act within its power while in fact it is not
so doing. Therefore, the charge of fraud on the
Constitution is, on ultimate analysis, nothing
but a picturesque and epigrammatic way of
expressing the idea of non-compliance with the
terms of the Constitution.

32
EDEN IAS
Educational Development Enrichment
Network STEPS DAILY MAINS ANSWER
WRITING NAME_____________________________________
__________________________________ DATE__________
__________________________________________________
____________ SUBJECT____________________________
________________________________________
INVIGILATORS SIGNATURE
CANDIDATES SIGNATURE
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PILLAR NO. 137 PUSA ROAD, KAROL BAGH, NEW
DELHI CONTACT 011-40197652 9315215980
9315227819 Email edenias96_at_gmail.com
connect.edenias_at_gmail.com website www.edenias.com
33

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES
Please read each of the following instructions
carefully before attempting questions
There are FOUR questions printed in ENGLISH.
All the questions are compulsory.
The number of marks carried by a question is
indicated against it.
Word limit in the questions, wherever specified
should be adhered to.
Content is more important than length.
Any page or portion of the page, left blank in
the Question-cum-Answer(QCA) Booklet must be
clearly struck off.

NOTE
Candidates performance in the test would be
evaluated on the basis of five parameters
viz. 1.Understanding of the Questions. 2.Quality
of Content in the Answers. 3.Decipherment of the
Command. 4.Structuring of Arguements.
5.Presentation and Conclusion.
FEEDBACK
34
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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To what extent land reforms in India has
fulfilled the cherished idea of restructing of
agrarian equations and elimination of
exploitation in land relations. Discuss.
Q. 1
10
35
EDEN IAS
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Extensive growth of information technology has
changed the communication Q. 2 conscious human
society into, an information global community.-
Elaborate 10
36
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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37
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Highlight the various causes responsible for the
spread of left wing extremism. Suggest a
methodology and strategy that the Indian state
should adopt against Naxalism.
Candidates must not write on this margin
Q. 3
15
38
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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39
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Mobilizing is the method of assembling and
organizing things to use immediately or for a
achieving a collective goal.- In the light of
the above statement present a systematic account
on the mobilization of natural resources in India.
Candidates must not write on this margin
Q. 4
15
40
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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41

EDEN IAS
(MODEL ANSWERS)
STEPS (20/06/2018) - WEDNESDAY (GS III)
Q1. To what extent land reforms in India has
fulfilled the cherished idea of restructuring of
agrarian equations and elimination of
exploitation in land relations. Discuss. (10)
Approach
Discuss the idea of land reforms and its
relevance in the Indian Context.
No need of explaining the individual legislations
dealing with land-reforms. As it is only a ten
marker thus lay out the broad objectives of Land
reforms in India.
Highlight the shortcomings in your conclusion and
try to end with a thought that summarizes
everything in a nut-shell.
Answer
Land reform usually refers to redistribution of
land from the rich to the poor. More broadly, it
includes regulation of ownership, operation,
leasing, sales, and inheritance of land. In an
agrarian economy like India with great scarcity,
and an unequal distribution, of land, coupled
with a large mass of the rural population below
the poverty line, there are compelling economic
and political arguments for land reform. Not
surprisingly, it received top priority on the
policy agenda at the time of Independence. In
the decades following independence India passed a
significant body of land reform legislation. The
1949 Constitution left the adoption and
implementation of land and tenancy reforms to
state governments. This led to a lot of
variation in the implementation of these reforms
across states and over time, a fact that has
been utilized in empirical studies trying to
understand the causes and effects of land reform.
The major objectives of land reforms in India
included
Restructuring of agrarian relations to achieve an
egalitarian structure
Elimination of exploitation in land relations

reform measures are ambivalent and there are
large gaps between policy and legislation and
between legislation and implementation. One can
safely say that
Land reform measures were conceived boldly but
were implemented badly
Q2. Extensive growth of information technology
has changed the communication conscious human
society into, an information global community.-
Elaborate. (10)
Approach
Highlight the importance of information and
communication in todays world.
Discuss how it is creating a paradigm shift in
the way things are perceived and conducted.
Try to end your answer by invoking some sense of
caution.
Answer
In the past few decades there has been a
revolution in computing and communications, and
all indications are that technological progress
and use of information technology will continue
at a rapid pace. Accompanying and supporting the
dramatic increases in the power and use of new
information technologies has been the declining
cost of communications as a result of both
technological improvements and increased
competition.
One of the most significant outcomes of the
progress of information technology is probably
electronic commerce over the Internet, a new way
of conducting business. Though only a few years
old, it may radically alter economic activities
and the social environment. Already, it affects
such large sectors as communications, finance
and retail trade and might expand to areas such
as education and health services. It implies the
seamless application of information and
communication technology along the entire value
chain of a business that is conducted
electronically.
With the advent of Technology, world has observed
a great change in the life of human being. It is
true that technology is transforming various
aspects of our life all over the world by leaps
and bounds, and it seems that masses of India
are not going to be excluded from the benevolence
of this so called

Q3. Highlight the various causes responsible for
the spread of left wing extremism. Suggest a
methodology and strategy that the Indian state
should adopt against Naxalism. (15)
Approach
Highlight the various reasons for the spread and
growth of Naxalism in India.
Try to provide a strategy to counter Left wing
Extremism.
Answer
Naxalites owing allegiance to the Communist Party
of India (Maoist) have been waging a deadly
insurrection against the Indian state with the
ultimate objective of capturing political power
through protracted armed struggle and area-wise
seizure of power.
According to official sources, the influence of
the Naxalites exists in 162 districts across 14
States in varying degrees. Further, there have
been reports to suggest the Maoists are making
fervent attempts to penetrate the industrial
towns. Whats probably worrying the government is
that the Naxals are targeting the poor to get
their recruits and there is no dearth of the poor
in India.
The spread of Naxalism is an indication of the
sense of desperation and alienation that is
sweeping over of large sections of our nation
who have been not only systematically
marginalized but cruelly exploited and
dispossessed in their last homelandsthe central
Indian adivasis have been described as the
original autochthonous people of India meaning
that their presence in India pre-dated the
Dravidians, the Aryans and whoever else settled
in this countrythese are the real swadeshi
products of India, in whose presence all others
are foreign. These are ancient people with moral
rights and claims thousands
of years old. They were here first and should
come first in our regardUnfortunately like
indigenous people all over the world the
Indias adivasis too have been savaged and
ravaged by later people
claiming to be more civilized.

44
for the nation in the near future. We surely
cannot afford to lose human life and resources to
such unrest caused by a lack of proper strategy.

Q4. Mobilizing is the method of assembling and
organizing things to use immediately or for
achieving a collective goal.- In the light of
the above statement present a systematic account
on the mobilization of natural resources in
India. (15)
Approach
Highlight the importance of Mobilization of
resources.
Try to highlight the vulnerabilities and link it
to growth and development.
Answer

Mobilizing is the process of assembling and
organizing things for ready use or for a
achieving a collective goal. Mobilization of
resources means the freeing up of locked
resources.
Every country has economic resources within its
territory known as domestic resources. But often
they might not be available for collective use.
The percentage of resources used when compared to
the potential is often very low. For a country
to grow, identification and mobilization of its
resources is necessary. It should be available
for easy use and for central and state level
planning.
Types of Resources of India
Natural Resources Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas,
Water, Spectrum etc.
Human Resources The labour force and
intellectual capacity of a nation.
The proper utilization of these resources leads
to generation of economic resources savings,
investment capital, tax etc. The natural resource
sector has been passing through a challenging
phase in India. Blanket bans and clearance
delays have brought it to a non-sustainable
position today. Even with an abundance of rich
mineral reserves and resources, we are not able
to capitalise on it for our economic strength.
However in India mobilization has not taken the
desired shape due to host of reasons like- lack
of technology, lack of capital, improper and
unsustainable extraction techniques, bad
distribution, lack of innovation, over emphasis
on top-down planning etc.
For instance water, a vital natural resource and
precious commodity, is essential for multiplicity
of purposes, viz., drinking, agriculture, power
generation, transportation and waste disposal. In
chemical processes industrial water is used as a
reaction medium, a solvent, a scrubbing medium
and a heat transfer agent. As a source of life
for man, plants and animals, it is indispensable
and cannot be replaced by any other solvent.
However India has not utilized its water
potential and many parts of the country suffer
from water scarcity.
Degradation of natural resources has a direct
negative bearing on livelihoods of poor people.
However, experience from India shows that
improvements in resource productivity per se
cannot be equated with poverty reduction. As an
example, several years of watershed development
programmes has illustrated that the poor have
often been excluded from accessing gains in
productivity as well as related decision- making
processes.
Understanding poverty and vulnerability, and
particularly the link between natural resource
management and poverty, would be an essential
pre-requisite to achieve growth and prosperity.
Poverty analysis needs to be built into project
design and mechanisms developed to identify and
include the poor, address their concerns and
link this to strategic and policy issues. Hence
when it comes to mobilization and utilization of
natural resources in India power should be
invested in local and regional government. The
people should be made in charge of natural
resources through responsible institutions. Lack
of mobilization of the natural resources can
derail the economy and create social tensions.

46
EDEN IAS
Educational Development Enrichment
Network STEPS DAILY MAINS ANSWER
WRITING NAME_____________________________________
__________________________________ DATE__________
__________________________________________________
____________ SUBJECT____________________________
________________________________________
INVIGILATORS SIGNATURE
CANDIDATES SIGNATURE
11-B/8, FIRST FLOOR TEWARI HOUSE, OPPOSITE METRO
PILLAR NO. 137 PUSA ROAD, KAROL BAGH, NEW
DELHI CONTACT 011-40197652 9315215980
9315227819 Email edenias96_at_gmail.com
connect.edenias_at_gmail.com website www.edenias.com
47

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES
Please read each of the following instructions
carefully before attempting questions
There are FOUR questions printed in ENGLISH.
All the questions are compulsory.
The number of marks carried by a question is
indicated against it.
Word limit in the questions, wherever specified
should be adhered to.
Content is more important than length.
Any page or portion of the page, left blank in
the Question-cum-Answer(QCA) Booklet must be
clearly struck off.

NOTE
Candidates performance in the test would be
evaluated on the basis of five parameters
viz. 1.Understanding of the Questions. 2.Quality
of Content in the Answers. 3.Decipherment of the
Command. 4.Structuring of Arguements.
5.Presentation and Conclusion.
FEEDBACK
48
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Candidates must not write on this margin
A man does what he must - in spite of personal
consequences, in spite of obstacles, dangers and
pressures - and that is the basis of all human
morality and ethics.-Analyse.
Q. 1
10
49
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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Action indeed is the sole medium of expression
for ethics.-Elucidate.
Q. 2
10
50
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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51
EDEN IAS
STEPS
Ethics is knowing the difference between what
you have a right to do and what is right to
do.-Comment. 10
Candidates must not write on this margin
Q. 3
52
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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It has been reported in media that in a remote
village in Chhattisgarh people belonging to a
particular community still practice manual
scavenging. After being inquired they told the
media persons that they have been practicing it
for ages and it has been their traditional
occupation. Some others argue as they lack any
other source of regular livelihood, they are
left with no other alternative. Most of them are
unaware of the Prohibition of Employment (As
Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation) Act,
2013.
Q. 4
a) Suppose you are the Social Welfare Development
Officer of the district then what steps will you
take?
20
b) Discuss the various ethical dimensions of such
a problem.
53
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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54
EDEN IAS
STEPS
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55
EDEN IAS
(MODEL ANSWERS) STEPS 21/06/2018- (General
Studies-IV)

Q1) A man does what he must - in spite of
personal consequences, in spite of obstacles,
dangers and pressures - and that is the basis of
all human morality and ethics.-Analyse. (10)
Approach
Try to explain the statement, highlight the
different key words used in the question
Try to show that how ethical behaviour and
morality is inextricably linked to the
statement.
Finally try to provide some examples quoting
moral and/or social thinkers.
Answer
"A man does what he must - in spite of personal
consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers
and pressures - and that is the basis of all
human morality." - John F. Kennedy
Ethics is the philosophical treatise which
studies human behaviour and tries to determine
what is right or wrong behaviour. It is also
called moral philosophy. That there is in man a
spontaneous awareness of a distinction between
right and wrong behaviour is an indubitable
fact, the internal value system and ethics only
explores that part of the human mind.
Ethics as a speculative science is based on the
foundations of the moral behavior of man. Moral
consciousness is an undeniable fact of human
experience. The moral and ethical sensibility is
something essential for the peaceful society and
the work.
Socrates equated knowledge with virtue, which
ultimately leads to ethical conduct. He believed
that the only life worth living was one that was
rigorously examined. He looked for principles
and actions that were worth living by, creating
an ethical base upon which decisions should be
made. The base of all ethical conduct is
righteousness and humanity. A man must be ready
to withstand against allurement, inducement or
coercion if he has to exhibit ethical conduct.
His internal construct should always guide the
moral compass towards morality and ethics.
Q2) Action indeed is the sole medium of
expression for ethics.-Elucidate. (10) Approach

Try to clarify the statement in unequivocal terms
that how action is the only medium of expression
of ethics.
Try to give some examples from your own
experiences.
Before you conclude try to juxtapose your
arguments with some thoughts drawn from
moral/social thinkers.
Answer
All definitions of ethics suggest that it focuses
on human actions and their morality. It is
concerned with the morality of human behavior.
But first it is important to separate human
actions from their morality. The major focus of
ethics is on human actions this also happens to
be the starting point for most legal systems.
They are primarily interested in human actions
and, following that, in their legality or
illegality. Ethics, then, does not concern
itself with the actions of animals. Furthermore,
ethics focuses only on people's deliberate human
actions, and not on undeliberate actions or
actions done because of ignorance. The
distinction here is between what philosophers
call an actus humanus (deliberate human action)
and an actus hominis (undeliberate action). What
is it that makes an action human? What are the
principal ingredients of a human action? Lawyers
also focus on this issue. Deontologists use
criteria to arrive at the notion of a human
action while teleologists reflect on the merits
of a particular action. Both may arrive at the
same conclusion, but they also may not.
Scholastic philosophers maintain that three
requirements must be concurrently present for any
action to be ethical and human
There must be some knowledge involved
There must be voluntariness present
The action must be freely done by keeping the
ethical principles at the core.
Ethics focuses not only on human action but also
on its morality. Once we decide that an action is
human, then that action becomes subject matter
for ethics. It is an important function of ethics
to figure out whether particular human actions
are moral or not. Morality involves the
examination of human action to decide if it is
good, bad or indifferentto figure out if it is
right or wrong, good or bad.
Ethics is in fact a reverence of life as quoted
by Albert Schweitzer, and therefore it is not
always necessary that action needs to take place
in order to express ethics. Ethics can exist
within the soul/mind of an individual, and
therefore it is not always the action part that
defines it.
Q3) Ethics is knowing the difference between
what you have a right to do and what is right to
do.-Comment. (10)
Approach
Try to highlight various kinds of rights that the
society or law confers upon you.

Ethics is the body of principles used to decide
what behaviors are right, good and proper. Such
principles (ethics) do not always dictate a
single "moral" course of action, but provide a
means of evaluating and deciding among competing
options. Ethics is about putting principles into
action. Consistency between what we say we value
and what our actions say we value is a matter of
integrity. Ethics is also about self-restraint,
i.e., what we should not do
Not doing what you have the power to do. An act
isnt proper simply because it is permissible or
you can get away with it.
Not doing what you have the right to do. There is
a big difference between what you have the right
to do and what is right to do.
Not doing what you want to do. In the well-worn
turn of phrase, an ethical person often chooses
to do more than the law requires and less than
the law allows.
It has been said that
Ethics is all about what we do when no one is
looking. Ethics is knowing the difference
between what you have a right to do and what is
right to do.
Ethics is about creating an environment that
supports the expression of ethical values while
keeping in check non-ethical values. Is there a
situation when you thought you had the right to
do something but it was against the law or
established policy? An example I can think of are
people who chose to drink and drive, they know
its against the law, but they feel that they
have a right to still do it because they can
handle it. Or, I can come into work a couple of
minutes late because I dont take my breaks. Its
easy to justify why we break the little rules.

Suggestions for making ethical decisions
Identify the core ethical issue or issues
involved
Make sure you understand the facts
Identify the main players in this issue and see
if you can identify their interests
List the values at stake or in conflict in this
matter
Examine the possible options and their likely
consequences
Choose the option you think best caters for the
values and principles you believe to be
important
Give reasons (to yourself or others) why you have
chosen this option and show
why it is a better resolution of the issue than
the other options
Make your decision, but keep an open mind.

An action can be legally correct but ethically
wrong, The one common thread is what we do.
Ethics is all about actions and decisions. We
face many challenges in life and the way we
handle them speaks volumes about our character.
In the end, our character embodies our values and
is the sum of our behaviors.
58

Q4) It has been reported in media, that in a
remote village in Chhattisgarh, people belonging
to a particular community still practice manual
scavenging. After being inquired they told the
media persons that they have been practicing it
for ages and it has been their traditional
occupation. Some others argue as they lack any
other source of regular livelihood, they are left
with no other alternative. Most of them are
unaware of the Prohibition of Employment (As
Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation) Act,
2013. (20)
Suppose you are the Social Welfare Development
Officer of the district, then what steps will
you take?
Discuss the various ethical dimensions of such a
situation.
Approach
First highlight the various facts given in the
question
Describe the different ethical values
Discuss the various stakeholders who are involved
Scrutinize the various ethical options that are
available.
Answer
As a District Social Welfare Development officer,
following steps can be adopted
Cleaning of septic tanks and sewers without
protective gear is prohibited under Prohibition
of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their
Rehabilitation Act, 2013. This can be monitored
through vigilance committees at sub-division and
division level and implement the penal
provisions of the Act, especially those regarding
contractors and private persons who hire persons
for doing such work without taking the
precautions as mandated in the Act and rules
framed under it.

the stakeholders are made aware of the benefits
to be provided to the target group and motivated
to provide all possible cooperation and
assistance for rehabilitation of manual
scavengers and their dependents.
Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of
Manual Scavengers (SRMS), with the objective to
rehabilit

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