Minerals - Principal Elements

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Minerals Principal Elements
R. C. Gupta M.D. (Biochemistry) Jaip
ur (Rajasthan), India
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The principal elements include?
1. Calcium 2. Phosphorus 4. Magnesium 4.
Sodium 5. Potassium 6. Chlorine 7. Sulphur
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The trace elements include?
1. Iron 2. Iodine 3. Copper 4. Zinc 5. Cobalt
6. Manganese 7. Molybdenum 8. Chromium 9.
Selenium 10. Fluorine
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Calcium
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There is a continuous exchange of calcium between
bones and extra-cellular fluid
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Formation of bones and teeth
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Bone formation
Bone resorption
Bone matrix
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Excitability and conductivity of nerves
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Neuromuscular transmission
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Ca
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Excitability and contractility of myocardium
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Coagulation of blood
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Action of hormones
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Absorption
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pH
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Calciumphosphorus ratio
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Proteins
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Vitamin D and parathormone
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Daily requirement
Age Requirement
Infants 400-600 mg/day
Children 800 mg/day
Adolescents 1200 mg/day
Adults 800 mg/day
Pregnant and lactating women 1200 mg/day
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Eggs
Milk
Cheese
Sources of calcium
Nuts
Beans
Cabbage
Lentils
Figs
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Abnormal serum calcium levels
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Prolonged elevation of serum calcium can cause
deposition of calcium in soft tissues such as
kidneys, liver, arteries etc A sudden decrease
in serum calcium may cause tetany (involuntary
contraction of skeletal muscles)
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Phosphorus
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Formation of bones and teeth
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Formation of high-energy compounds
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Role in metabolism
Phosphorus is a constituent of co-enzymes e.g.
FMN, FAD, NAD, NADP, TTP, pyridoxal phosphate and
CoA Phosphorus plays an important role in
metabolic reactions in the form of these coenzymes
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Formation of nucleic acids
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Formation of membranes
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Formation of nervous tissue
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Maintenance of pH
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Absorption
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Daily requirement
Age Requirement
Infants 250-400 mg/day
Children 800 mg/day
Adolescents 1200 mg/day
Adults 800 mg/day
Pregnant and lactating women 1200 mg/day
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Dietary sources

• Phosphorus is widely distributed in foodstuffs
• If calorie and protein intakes are sufficient, a
  dietary deficiency of phosphorus is unlikely to
  occur

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Eggs
Milk
Meat
Sources of phosphorus
Beans
Cheese
Nuts
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Abnormal serum phosphorus levels
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Magnesium
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Excitability of nerves
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Cofactor for enzymes
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Absorption
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Daily requirement
Age and sex Requirement
Infants 60-70 mg/day
Children 150-250 mg/day
Adult men 350 mg/day
Adult women 300 mg/day
Pregnant and lactating women 450 mg/day
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Nuts
Beans
Wheat
Sources of magnesium
Milk
Eggs
Oranges
Figs
Spinach
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Abnormal serum magnesium levels
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Sodium
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Maintenance of osmotic pressure
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Maintenance of pH
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Nerve excitability and conduction
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Active transport
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Sodium pump
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Absorption transport
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Requirement
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We have to guard against excessive intake
rather than deficiency
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Dietary sources
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Fowl
Meat
Fish
Foods rich in sodium
Eggs
Cheese
Milk
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Radish
Cauliflower
Carrots
Fair sources of sodium
Legumes
Nuts
Spinach
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Abnormal serum sodium levels
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Potassium
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Maintenance of osmotic pressure
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Maintenance of pH
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Nerve excitability and conduction
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Cofactor for enzymes
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Active transport
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Absorption
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Requirement
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Dietary sources
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Meat
Fowl
Fish
Sources of potassium
Cereals
Vegetables
Pineapple
Apricots
Oranges
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Abnormal serum potassium levels
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Chlorine
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Maintenance of osmotic pressure
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Maintenance of pH
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Formation of hydrochloric acid
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Absorption
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Requirement
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Dietary sources
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Abnormal serum chloride levels
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Sulphur
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Absorption
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Requirement
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Dietary sources
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Thank you