Water-soluble vitamins

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Water-soluble Vitamins
R. C. Gupta Professor and Head Dept. of
Biochemistry National Institute of Medical
Sciences Jaipur, India
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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EMB-RCG
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EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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A poster on scurvy
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James Lind cured scurvy by giving lemons
Vitamin C was discovered much later
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Beriberi was common in people whose staple diet
consisted of polished rice
It was cured by giving them rice polishings
thiamin was discovered later
EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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Thiamin
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Functions
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Pulses
Nuts
Cereals
Sources of thiamin
Liver
Kidney
Yeast
Fish
Meat
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E M B - R C G
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Requirement
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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Refined white flour
Whole wheat flour
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Parboiling of rice decreases the loss of thiamin
Parboiled rice
Polished rice
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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Central nervous system
E M B - R C G
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Cardiovascular system
E M B - R C G
Ascites
Oedema
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Gastrointestinal tract
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Riboflavin
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Functions
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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FMN
FMNH2
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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H
H
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
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Milk Dairy
products Eggs
Dietary sources of riboflavin
Kidney
Liver
Meat Nuts
Leafy vegetables
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Requirement
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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Clinical features of deficiency are
E M B - R C G
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Angular stomatitis and glossitis
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E M B - R C G
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Niacin
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Functions
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
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N
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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Examples of enzymes requiring NADP as a coenzyme
are
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase b-Ketoacyl CoA
reductase a,b-Unsaturated acyl CoA
reductase Squalene synthetase Cholesterol
7-a-hydroxylase Thioredoxin reductase Haem
oxygenase
E M B - R C G
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Milk
Eggs
Meat
Sources of niacin
Green leafy vegetables
Fish
Tomatoes
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Requirement
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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Dermatitis usually affects the exposed parts of
the body
E M B - R C G
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Dermatitis in pellagra
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E M B - R C G
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Pantothenic acid
E M B - R C G
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Pantothenic acid is made up of pantoic acid and
b-alanine
Pantoic acid
b-Alanine
Pantothenic acid
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Functions
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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Role of Coenzyme A
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acids
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a-Keto acid
Acyl CoA
Oxidative decarboxylation
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E M B - R C G
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Activation of fatty acids
E M B - R C G
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Activation of fatty acid
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Activation of amino acids
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Role of acyl carrier protein
E M B - R C G
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Sources
E M B - R C G
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Liver
Kidney
Meat
Dietary sources of pantothenic acid
Eggs
Yeast
Sweet potatoes
Wheat
Peas
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Requirement
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Pyridoxine
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Functions
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are
converted into coenzymes
E M B - R C G

• The conzymes are
• Pyridoxine phosphate
• Pyridoxal phosphate
• Pyridoxamine phosphate

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Pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are
phosphorylated by a common enzyme
E M B - R C G
The three coenzymes are interconvertible
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Transamination
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Deamination
E M B - R C G
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Decarboxylation
E M B - R C G
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Transulphuration
E M B - R C G
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Desulphydration
E M B - R C G
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Tryptophan metabolism
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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In the presence of PLP
In absence of PLP
PLP
Urinary xanthurenic acid excretion is an
indicator of pyridoxine deficiency
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Synthesis of haem
E M B - R C G
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Cellular uptake of amino acids
E M B - R C G
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Formation of g-amino butyric acid
E M B - R C G
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Glycogenolysis
E M B - R C G
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Sources
E M B - R C G
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Milk
Leafy vegetables
Eggs
Dietary sources of pyridoxine
Potato
Meat
Bananas
Corn
Beans
Wheat
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Requirement
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Biotin
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Functions
Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylases
It is also known as co-carboxylase
E M B - R C G
Biotin is firmly bound to the enzyme
?COOH group of biotin is bonded with e-NH2
group of a lysine residue of enzyme
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E M B - R C G
EMB-RCG
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Carboxylation of pyruvate
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Carboxylation of acetyl CoA
Carboxylation converts acetyl CoA into malonyl CoA
E M B - R C G
This reaction is important in fatty acid synthesis
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E M B - R C G

Carboxylation of acetyl CoA
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Carboxylation of propionyl CoA
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Sources
E M B - R C G
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Eggs
Meat
Sources of biotin
Nuts
Berries
Cauliflower
Avocado
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Requirement
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Folic acid
E M B - R C G
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EMB-RCG
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E M B - R C G
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Functions
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Sources of one-carbon units
E M B - R C G
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Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) is formed in
the body from histidine Histidine ? Urocanic
acid ? ? FIGLU
E M B - R C G
FIGLU can transfer its formimino group to
tetrahydrofolate FIGLU H4-Folate ?
fi5-H4-Folate Glutamate

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E M B - R C G
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Utilization of one-carbon units
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Sources
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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Megaloblasts in folic acid deficiency
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E M B - R C G
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Neural tube defect
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Laboratory diagnosis
E M B - R C G
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Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
E M B - R C G
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Vitamin B12 activity was found in compounds in
which the cyanide group is replaced by
E M B - R C G

• Hydroxyl group (hydroxocobalamin)
• Methyl group (methylcobalamin)
• Nitro group (nitrocobalamin)

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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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Absorption, transport and storage
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Functions
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Methylcobalamin
Adenosylcobalamin
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E M B - R C G
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Transfer of one-carbon units
E M B - R C G
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H4-Folate
N5-Methyl-H4-folate
Methylcobalamin
Cobalamin
Methionine Homocysteine
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Formation of succinyl CoA
E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Sources
E M B - R C G
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Liver
Kidney
Meat
Dietary sources of vitamin B12
Eggs
Milk
Cheese
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Requirement
Age and sex Requirement
Infants and children 0.2-1 µg/day
Adult men and women 1 µg/day
Pregnant and lactating women 1.5 µg/day
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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A prescription for pernicious anaemia in 1936
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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Postrior column
Lateral column
Anterior column
Normal
Degeraration
SACD
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Ascorbic acid
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Tissue distribution
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Functions
Ascorbic acid can undergo reversible oxidation
and reduction
Hence, ascorbic acid acts as a coenzyme in some
oxidation-reduction reactions
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(No Transcript)
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Ascorbic acid plays an important role in
post-translational modification of collagen

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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Sources
E M B - R C G
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Amla
Orange
Lemon
Sources of vitamin C
Berries
Kiwi
Green leafy vegetables
Cauliflower
Tomatoes
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E M B - R C G
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Requirement
Age and sex RDA (ICMR, 2010)
Infants 25 mg/day
Children and adults 40 mg/day
Pregnant women 60 mg/day
Lactating women 80 mg/day
E M B - R C G
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Deficiency
E M B - R C G
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E M B - R C G
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Bleeding gums in vitamin C deficiency
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Petechial haemorrhages
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E M B - R C G
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The End