What Is CBD? | Understanding Cannabidiol - Calm Collectiv

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What Is CBD?
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• Cannabidiol, more commonly known as CBD, is one
  of the two most prevalent cannabinoids found in
  the resin of the cannabis plant. Concentration
  levels can vary, but the compound comprises up to
  40 of the cannabis plants extract. It is one of
  dozens of other cannabinoids, but as the most
  prevalent next to (of course) THC, it has been
  the subject of more research than the others. At
  this time, there are still plenty of things about
  CBD that we dont know for sure, but we
  understand more about how cannabis and marijuana
  work than we ever have before. In this article,
  Ill give you an in-depth look at everything we
  currently know about CBD.

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Where Does It Come From?

• CBD occurs naturally in marijuana and hemp. Both
  of these plants are cannabis, but they
  have different chemical makeups. Hemp has a THC
  content of less than 0.3, while marijuana
  contains anywhere from 5-35. While CBD is found
  in both types of cannabis, it matters which one
  the CBD is extracted from. Extract from marijuana
  often contains small amounts of THC possibly
  enough that the user could experience some of the
  psychoactive effects. The extracted from hemp
  contains no THC, so medical users who have no
  desire to experience any psychoactive effects
  should seek out the hemp-derived extracts.

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How Does CBD Affect the Body?
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• CBD takes effect by interacting with the
  cannabinoid system, but its relationship to the
  human body is a bit more complex than other
  cannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system
  contains the CB1 and CB2 receptors that
  cannabinoids bind to. CB1 receptors are found in
  skeletal muscle, the liver, the GI tract, the
  pancreatic islet, throughout the peripheral
  nervous system, and all throughout the brain. CB2
  receptors are mainly found throughout the immune
  system, though some are also present in the
  brains reward regions.
• Interestingly, CBD has a very low affinity for
  both types of cannabinoid receptor. This means
  that while it does bind to the CB receptors, it
  doesnt do so as regularly as other cannabinoids,
  such as THC. CBDs effects are indirect, but
  significant.

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• The dictionary definition of an agonist is a
  substance which initiates a physiological
  response when combined with a receptor. An
  antagonist is defined as a substance that
  interferes with or inhibits the physiological
  action of another. THC is an agonist of the
  bodys cannabinoid receptors, and it produces its
  effect by binding with the CB1 receptor. CBD has
  a low binding affinity for both CB1 and CB2
  receptors. Instead it acts as an antagonist of
  THC, as well as several other cannabinoids.

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• For anyone who wants to experience the
  psychoactive effects of THC, this may sound like
  a mark against CBD. If CBD interferes with or
  inhibits the physiological action of THC, the
  THC wont have as significant an effect. Right?
  Actually, no. Studies have shown that CBD does
  not reduce THCs effect, and may actually
  intensify it. However, CBD has been shown to
  reduce THCs less pleasant side effects, such as
  a fuzzy short-term memory and occasional anxiety

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• CBDs interactions with cannabinoid receptors
  (and with other compounds that want to bind with
  those same receptors) explain some of the
  compounds effects, but not all of them. As of
  2019, science is still unsure about all of CBDs
  mechanisms of action, but it is theorized that
  CBD interacts with additional biological targets
  beyond CB receptors, such as other
  neurotransmitter receptors. For example, CBD is a
  known agonist of a subtype (5-HT1a) of serotonin
  receptors, which play an important role in
  regulating moods.

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• This may explain the calming, soothing effects
  that CBD users report. CBD also affects opioid
  receptors, which may explain the compounds role
  in managing pain. There are also other less
  studied receptors, such as GPR55, that could play
  an important role in how the body responds to
  CBD. In any case, its clear that CBD has a
  complex relationship with the human body. As
  research continues, we will eventually develop a
  clearer understanding of how the compound works,
  as well as what it can be used for.

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Methods of Ingestion

• Because cannabinoid receptors are scattered all
  throughout the body, there are many ways to
  ingest or absorb CBD. CBD-containing cannabis can
  be consumed by smoking or vaporizing.
  Alternatively, extracted CBD can be taken orally,
  applied topically, or sprayed into the mouth as
  an aerosol. Inhaled, CBD absorbs rapidly, and
  effects are almost immediate. It takes longer for
  the body to absorb CBD that is eaten or
  swallowed, and the body doesnt process it quite
  as efficiently. Taken sublingually, the CBD is
  absorbed more quickly through the mucus membranes
  in the mouth. When it is applied topically, CBD
  never reaches the bloodstream like it does via
  the other methods. The skin can absorb CBD, but
  it absorbs quite slowly, so youll need to apply
  the product liberally. Still, for many localized
  health issues such as soreness, scarring, or
  inflammation, a topical application may still be
  the best choice.

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Medical Uses of CBD

• CBD came into the limelight a few years ago when
  a strain of cannabis originally called Hippies
  Disappointment due to its low THC content
  appeared on CNN in 2013. This strain was created
  by crossbreeding another cannabis strain with
  industrial hemp, creating a plant with a very
  high CBD content, but containing very little THC.
  The strain was later renamed Charlottes Web
  after a young girl named Charlotte Figi.

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• You may have heard her story before. Charlotte is
  an American girl who suffers from Dravet
  syndrome, a severe type of epilepsy. By the time
  Charlotte was three years old, she was
  experiencing around 300 grand mal seizures per
  week. According to her parents, Charlottes
  condition improved immediately and dramatically
  when she began using marijuana. She uses the
  high-CBD extract taken from the Charlottes Web
  strain orally, dissolved in olive oil. After two
  years of this treatment, she was down to just
  four seizures per month, and is now able to live
  a much more normal life.

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• Currently, there is only one FDA-approved
  CBD-based medication on the market. Its called
  Epidiolex, and is used orally to treat Dravet
  syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, both of
  which are forms of epilepsy. Epidiolex has been
  shown to be effective for treating these
  syndromes. However, studies involving THC have
  shown that when used on mice, the psychoactive
  compound actually increased sensitivity to
  convulsions. So, its important to separate the
  CBD from the rest of the cannabis plant (or use
  low-THC strains) when it comes to this type of
  treatment. And, of course, its important to
  consult with a doctor before beginning any new
  treatment.

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• There is a lot of anecdotal evidence that
  suggests that CBD may help with other afflictions
  as well, although many claims have yet to be
  thoroughly tested in a laboratory setting.
  Doctors prescribe medical marijuana for a wide
  range of conditions, such as Alzheimers
  disease, eating disorders or loss of appetite,
  cancer, Crohns disease, glaucoma, multiple
  sclerosis, all types of pain, and some mental
  health conditions.

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Potential Beneficial Effects of CBD Use

• CBD is currently being studied in a clinical
  setting with hopes that it can help with anxiety,
  cognition, pain management, and more. The
  endocannabinoid system helps regulate many of the
  bodys functions. So, it makes sense that CBD and
  other cannabinoids could be used to positively
  effect the body in a number of ways, even if we
  arent completely sure what all of those ways are
  yet.

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• Regardless of what uses scientists find for CBD,
  theyve already gathered plenty of data
  about CBDs effects. CBD increases the brains
  levels of adenosine, a substance that is
  naturally produced by the body and helps with
  neuroprotection and reducing inflammation in the
  case of trauma to the head or brain. CBD is a
  vasodilator, and it also lowers blood pressure,
  so it may prove useful as a protective measure
  against brain and blood vessel damage potentially
  caused by a stroke.

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• CBD has been shown to help shorten and soften
  symptoms of anxiety, depression, and psychosis,
  and seems to enhance synaptic plasticity (which
  is what keeps your brain adaptable) and increase
  neurogenesis (the process by which your brain
  forms new neurons).
• I mentioned previously that medical marijuana is
  often prescribed to cancer patients. This is
  often primarily so that the patient can take
  advantage of cannabis appetite-enhancing and
  pain management effects. However, cannabinoids
  have also been shown to reduce the speed at which
  tumors grow.

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• The compound also shows promise as a treatment
  for post-traumatic stress disorder. One of PTSDs
  most common symptoms is chronic anxiety, which
  gets worse in stressful environments. CBDs
  anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects can decrease
  the intensity of this anxiety, which can make the
  disorder more manageable and allow PTSD sufferers
  to move back toward normalcy more quickly. In
  2008, scientists proposed that certain chronic
  health problems might be caused by an underlying
  deficiency in certain endocannabinoids. If that
  turns out to be the case, cannabis-sourced
  phytocannabinoids (cannabinoids that come from
  plants) like CBD could be used like vitamins to
  replace the endocannabinoids that we lack.

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• The endocannabinoid system is spread throughout
  almost the entirety of the human body. Given its
  the ability to increase bonding of cannabinoids
  to CB receptors and to counteract the
  cannabinoids that reduce CB receptors ability to
  function efficiently, it seems plausible that CBD
  could provide a whole host of benefits. We
  certainly dont know everything yet. But, if
  current trends in research continue, it wont be
  too much longer before we have a near-complete
  picture.

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