Eliott Dear Esq | Policing and Law Enforcement Today

1
Policing and Law Enforcement Today
Eliott Dear Esq
2
Learning Objectives

• Describe how law enforcement developed in feudal
  England
• Summarize characteristics of the first law
  enforcement agencies
• Discuss the development of law enforcement in the
  United States
• Analyze the problems of early police agencies
• Discuss how reformers attempted to create
  professional police agencies

3
Learning Objectives

• Describe the major changes in law enforcement
  between 1970 and today
• Be familiar with the major federal law
  enforcement agencies
• Summarize the differences among state, county,
  and local law enforcement
• Explain the role of technology in police work

4
The History of Police

• Origins of police traced to early English society
• Before 1066 BCE
• Pledge System - families banded together for
  protection
• Prior to the thirteenth Century in England
• Shires
• Similar to counties
• Reeves
• Appointed to supervise the territory

5
The History of Police

• In the thirteenth Century England
• Watch system
• Employed watchmen to protect against robberies,
  fires, and disturbances
• In 1326
• The office of the Justice of the Peace was
  created

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA
6
Private Police and Thief Takers

• During early eighteenth century
• Rising crime rates encouraged and new form of
  private, monied police who profited from legal
  and illegal conduct as informal police
  departments
• These private police were referred to as Thief
  Takers

7
Creating Public Police

• 1829 Sir Robert Peel, Englands home secretary
  lobbied an Act for Improving the Police in and
  near the Metropolis Established the first
  organized police force in London with over 1,000
  men
• By 1856, all boroughs and counties in England
  were required to form their own police force

8
Law Enforcement in Colonial America

• Paralleled British model
• County Sheriff
• Collecting taxes, supervising elections, and
  performing other matters of business
• Instead of patrolling or seeking out crime, the
  Sheriff reacted to citizens complaints and
  investigated crimes

9
Early Police Agencies

• Boston created first formal U.S. police dept. in
  1838
• New York Police 1844
• Philadelphia Police 1854
• Conflict between police and the public was born
  in the difficulty that untrained, unprofessional
  officers had in patrolling the streets of cities
  and controlling labor disputes

10
Early Police Agencies

• Police during the nineteenth century
• Involved foot patrols
• Were regarded as incompetent and corrupt
• Police agencies evolved slowly during the second
  half of the nineteenth century
• Uniforms were introduced in New York (1853)
• Communication links between precincts using
  telegraph (1850s)
• Bicycles introduced (1897)
• Primary responsibility was maintaining order

11
Policing in the Twentieth Century

• The emergence of professionalism
• The 1960s and Beyond
• Policing in the 1970s
• Policing in the 1980s
• Policing in the 1990s

12
The Emergence of Professionalism

• 1893 International Association of Chiefs of
  Police (IACP)
• Called for a civil service police force
• August Vollmer
• Most famous police reformer
• Instituted university training for young officers
  
• Helped to develop the school of Criminology at
  the University of California, at Berkeley

13
The 1960s and Beyond

• Turmoil and crisis in the 1960s
• Supreme Court decisions impacted police
• Civil rights of suspects expanded significantly
• Civil unrest between the public and police
• Rapidly growing crime rate in the 1960s
• Both violent and property crimes increased

14
The 1970s

• 1970s
• There were structural changes in police
  departments, increased federal support for
  criminal justice
• Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
  provided resources
• Improved police training
• Supported innovative police research
• More woman and minorities were recruited for
  police work

15
The 1980s and 1990s

• 1980s
• Emergence of community policing, unions fought
  for increase in salaries, state and local budgets
  were cut
• 1990s
• Rodney King case prompted an era of
• police reform
• Police departments embraced forms of policing
  that stressed cooperation with the community and
  problem solving

16
Policing and Law Enforcement Today

• Law Enforcement agencies are adapting to the
  changing nature of crime
• (Ex terrorism and internet fraud)
• 700,000 sworn law enforcement officers throughout
  these jurisdictions
• Federal
• State
• County
• Metropolitan
• Private

17
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

• U.S. Justice Department Agencies
• Federal Bureau of Investigations
• Drug Enforcement Administration
• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and
  Explosives
• U.S. Marshals
• Department of Homeland Security Agencies
• Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
• The Secret Service

18
State Law Enforcement Agencies

• First agency was the Texas Rangers, created in
  1835
• First truly modern state police agencies
• 1903 Connecticut
• 1905 Pennsylvania
• State police agencies
• 60,000 officers and 30,000 civilians
• Primarily responsible for highway patrol and
  traffic law enforcement

19
County Law Enforcement Agencies

• Today sheriffs offices contain 330,000 full-time
  employees including 175,000 sworn personnel
• Provide court security
• Operate the jail system
• Duties vary widely depending on size

20
Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies

• Range in size from agencies with 40,000 officers
  to departments with only 1 part-time officer
• Nearly 13,000 departments with over 460,000 sworn
  personnel
• Majority of departments have fewer than 50
  officers and serve a population under 25,000
• Most provide a wide variety of services and
  functions

21
Private Policing

• Private security has become a multimillion-dollar
  industry
• 10,000 firms and 1.5 million employees
• People employed in private security outnumber
  public police by almost three to one
• Privatized security costs less than public
  officers

22
Technology and Law Enforcement

• There is little doubt that the influence of
  technology on policing will continue to grow
• Crime Mapping
• License Plate Recognition Technology
• Digitizing Criminal Identification
• Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems
• Digital Dental Records
• DNA Testing

23
Future Technology

• Genetic algorithms
• Augmented Reality technology
• Automated Biometric Identification System

24
Thank You