Human anatomy and physiology

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Human Anatomy Physiology

• By Ahmedin A (Bsc, Msc in Maternity Neonatal
  Nursing)

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Introduction

• Definition of Human anatomy
• Anatomy (ana mean up -tomy means process of
  cutting)
• is the science of body structures and the
  relationships among them.
• physiology (physio mean nature logy mean study
  of)
• is the science of body functions how the body
  parts work.

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Introduction

• Levels of structural
• Structural organization are
• Chemical,
• Cellular,
• Tissue,
• Organ,
• System, and
• Organism

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Introduction

• Chemical level- the smallest units of matter
  that participate in chemical reactions and
  molecules, two or more atoms joined together
• Cellular level-Molecules combine to form cells
  and the smallest living units in the human body.
• Tissue level- groups of cells work together to
  perform a particular function
• There are four basic types of tissue in your
  body
• epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular
  tissue, and nervous tissue

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Introduction

• Organ level- there are two or more different
  types of tissues are joined together.
• they have specific functions
• Examples of organs are
• stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and
  brain.

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Introduction

• System level- A system consists of related
  organs with a common function
• Examples digestive system, endocrine system
  reproductive system
• Organismal level- An organism, any living
  individual
• All the parts of the human body functioning
  together constitute the total organism.

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Integumentary system

• By Ahmedin A (BSc, MSc in Maternity Neonatal
  Nursing)

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Integumentary system

• The integumentary (in mean inward mean to cover)
  is composed of the
• skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and
  sensory receptors.
• It helps maintain a body temperature, protects
  the body, and provides sensory information about
  the surrounding environment

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Integumentary system

• Components of the integumentary system-
• Epidermis superficial, thinner portion, which is
  composed of epithelial tissue
• Dermis a deep, thicker connective tissue portion
• Subcutaneous layer, a deep to the skin which
  attaches dermis to underlying fascia.

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Integumentary system
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Musculoskeletal system

• By Ahmedin A (BSc, MSc in Maternity Neonatal
  Nursing)

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Musculoskeletal system

• A bone is made up of several different tissues
• Bone or osseous tissue, cartilage, dense
  connective tissues, epithelium, adipose tissue,
  and nervous tissue.
• Functions of Bone is in support, protection,
  movement, mineral homeostasis and blood cell
  production
• Body system is composed 206 of total bone

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Musculoskeletal system

• Bone Formation
• Bone forms by a process called ossification
  (osteogenesis)
• Begins during the sixth week of embryonic life.
• Bone grows in thickness due to the addition of
  new bone tissue by osteoblasts
• Bone remodeling is an ongoing process in which
  osteoclasts carve

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Musculoskeletal system

• Dietary minerals (especially calcium and
  phosphorus) and vitamins (A, C, D, K, and B12)
  are needed for bone growth and maintenance.
• A fracture is any break in a bone.
• Fracture repair involves formation of a fracture
  hematoma, a fibro cartilaginous callus, and a
  bony callus, and bone remodeling

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Musculoskeletal system

• Divisions of the Skeletal System
• Axial skeleton- consists of bones arranged along
  the longitudinal axis.
• Appendicular skeleton- consists of the bones of
  the girdles and the upper and lower limbs
  (extremities).

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Musculoskeletal system

• Types of Bones
• On the basis of shape, bones are classified as
  long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid.
• Sutural bones are found within the sutures of
  some cranial bones.

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Axial skeleton

• The skeleton can be divided into two main parts.
• consists of 80 bones.
• The primary bones of the axial skeleton are
• skull, spine, ribs and sternum (thorax).

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Skull

• The 22 bones of the skull include cranial bones
  and facial bones.
• The 8 cranial bones are
• frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital,
  sphenoid, and ethmoid.
• The 14 facial bones are
• nasal (2), maxillae (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal
  (2), palatine(2), inferior nasal conchae (2),
  vomer, and mandible.

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Cranial bone
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Sutures are immovable joints that connect most
bones of the skull. Examples are thecoronal,
sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures.
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Facial Bone
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Hyoid Bone

• The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone that does not
  articulate with any other bone.
• It supports the tongue and provides attachment
  for some tongue muscles and for some muscles of
  the pharynx and neck.

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Vertebral Column

• The adult vertebral column contains four normal
  curves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral)
  that provide strength, support, and balance.
• The 26 bones of the adult vertebral column are
• cervical vertebrae (7)
• thoracic vertebrae (12)
• lumbar vertebrae (5)
• sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
• coccyx (usually 4 fused vertebrae)

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Bones of the Spinal Column

• 33 bones, 24 are flexible
• A. Cervical - 7
• B. Thoracic - 12
• C. Lumbar - 5
• D. Sacrum - 5 (false vertebrae - fused together)
• E. Coccyx - 4 (false vertebrae - fused together)

Click on picture
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Thorax

• The thoracic skeleton consists of the
• sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic
  vertebrae.
• The thoracic cage protects vital organs in the
  chest area and upper abdomen

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Sternum
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Ribs

• 12 pairs
• 7 pair are true ribs
• 5 pair are false ribs
• 3 pair attach indirectly to the sternum
• 2 pair are floating ribs that dont attach to
  the sternum

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Ribs
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Appendicular skeleton

• which aids body movements providing support and
  protection of internal organs, such as the
  reproductive organs
• They skeleton consists of 126 bones.
• The primary bones of this skeleton are
• shoulder, arms, hands, pelvic, legs, and feet

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Pectoral (Shoulder) bone

• Each of the bodys two pectoral (shoulder)
  girdles consists of a clavicle and scapula.
• Each pectoral girdle attaches an upper limb to
  the axial skeleton

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Upper Limb (Extremity)

• Each of the two upper limbs (extremities)
  contains 30 bones.
• The bones of each upper limb include the
• Humerus (1)
• Ulna (1)
• Radius (1)
• Carpals (8)
• Metacarpals (5)
• Phalanges (14)

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Humerus
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Radius and Ulna
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Bones of Hand Carpal bones, Metacarpals and
Phalanges
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Carpal bones proximal row (rad. side ? ulnar
side)scaphoid, lunate, triquetral (triquetrum),
pisiform
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Carpal bones distal row (rad. side ? ulnar
side)trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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Fingers
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Pelvic (Hip) Bone

• The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of two hip
  bones.
• Each hip bone consists of three parts
• ilium, pubis, and ischium.
• The hip bones, sacrum, and pubic symphysis form
  the bony pelvis.
• The true pelvis is separated from the false
  pelvis by the pelvic brim

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ilium, pubis, and ischium.
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Pelvic Bone
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Lower Limb (Extremity)

• Each of the two lower limbs (extremities)
  contains 30 bones.
• The bones of each lower limb include the
• Femur (1), patella (1), tibia (1), fibula (1),
  tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), and phalanges (14).
• The bones of the foot are arranged in two arches,
  the longitudinal arch and the transverse arch, to
  provide support and control.

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Lower Limb (Extremity)

• Thiht
• Femur (1)
• knee
• patella (1),
• leg
• tibia (1) (medial)
• fibula (1) (lateral)
• Foot
• tarsals (7)
• metatarsals (5)
• phalanges (14)

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Musculature system

• By Ahmedin A (BSc, MSc in Maternity Neonatal
  Nursing)

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Musculature system

• Muscles are responsible for all types of body
  movement
• They contract or shorten and are the machine of
  the body
• It constitute 4050 of total body weight.
• The prime function of muscle is changing chemical
  energy into mechanical energy to perform work

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Muscular Tissue

• Three basic muscle types are found in the body
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

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Muscular Tissue

• Skeletal muscle fibers-
• primarily attached to bones
• it is striated and voluntary.
• Cannot divide and have limited powers of
  regeneration.
• Faction of Skeletal muscles
• Produce movement
• Maintain posture
• Stabilize joints
• Generate heat

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Muscular Tissue

• Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an
  attached bone
• Origin attachment to a immoveable bone
• Insertion attachment to an movable bone

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Muscular Tissue

• Cardiac muscle fibers-
• Found only in the heart
• it is striated and involuntary.
• Usually has a single nucleus
• Can regenerate under limited circumstances.

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Muscular Tissue

• Smooth muscle fibers-
• Nonstriated (smooth) and involuntary
• Have the best capacity for division and
  regeneration.
• Spindle-shaped cells
• Single nucleus
• Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
• Slow, sustained and tireless

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Muscular Tissue
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