Things everyone should know about Epilepsy

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Things everyone should know about Epilepsy
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What is epilepsy? Epilepsy is a chronic
neurological disorder, characterised by abnormal
electrical (nerve) activity within the Central
Nervous System (CNS). Epileptic episodes are
marked by brief or prolonged periods of vigorous
shaking called seizures. It affects people of all
ages and can result in injuries ranging from mild
to severe, depending upon the gravity of the
convulsions. What are the risk factors associated
with epilepsy? Certain risk factors work together
to increase the chances of epilepsy in a person.
Like,
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1. Head Trauma
2. Brain Abnormalities, including brain tumours,
stroke, and vascular malformations
3. Genetic influence (or family medical history)
4. Dementia
5. Meningitis brain infection
What is the main cause of epileptic
seizures? Seizure disorder affects around 50
million people worldwide but in most cases, its
cause remains unknown. However, in general, the
common causes of epilepsy are
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1. Genetics
2. Brain Injury or trauma
3. Brain conditions like vascular malformations,
tumours, and strokes
4. Prenatal Injury as a result of poor nutrition
or oxygen deficiency
5. Developmental disorders, such as autism
6. CNS infections like meningitis, viral
encephalitis, and AIDS.
How do people discover they have
epilepsy? Seizures are abnormal nerve activity in
the CNS that affects the working of the brain
temporarily. Depending upon the part of the brain
gettng targeted, patients show different symptoms
worldwide. Nonetheless, there are some common
symptoms associated with epileptic episodes,
mentioned as follows 1. Uncontrolled fit either
in form of twitching or jerking of the limbs
2. Temporary loss of awareness
3. Blank staring into space
4. Unusual sensations, such as tingling, smelly
odours, extreme sweating, fear, and anxiety
5. State of confusion
6. Collapsing
These symptoms have been characterised in general
from episode to episode. They will tend to recur
with each seizure in most cases. However, a
medical practitioner classifies epileptic
seizures in two categories 1. Focal Seizures
2. Generalised Seizures
Focal Seizures Focal seizures are convulsions
arising from abnormal electrical activity in the
same part of the brain. They are sub-categorized
into
I. Focal Seizures without loss of consciousness
As mentioned, these seizures do not cause
any loss of awareness in a person, but they may
affect emotions and sensations (sight, touch,
smell, taste, and sound). Involuntary jerking or
twitching of limbs, tingling senses, and
dizziness are common symptoms associated with
this type of simple partial seizure. II. Focal
seizures with impaired awareness These are
called complex partial seizures as the person
either loses consciousness or awareness of the
surrounding. The person may experience the state
of being in a dream and stare blankly into space
until the episode lasts or perform repetitive
actions like chewing, walking in circles, or
rubbing hands.
Generalised Seizures Six types of generalised
convulsions involve all parts of the brain.
1. Absence seizures Typically occurring in
children, these seizures are characterised by
simple blank staring into space or loss of
awareness. It may occur as many as 100 times a
day and only lasts for 5-10 seconds. 2. Tonic
Seizures Tonic seizures result in stiffening of
limbs and back muscles, resulting in the fall
of the person during the episode.
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3. Atonic or Drop Seizures The epileptic episode
often targets the legs, resulting in sudden
collapse or fall of the individual due to loss of
muscle control. 4. Clonic Seizures Recurrent
jerking movement of the muscles, especially
around the neck, face, and arms are associated
with clonic seizures. 5. Myoclonic Seizures
Sudden brief twitches or convulsions in the upper
body, arms, and legs appear in myoclonic
seizures. 6. Tonic-clonic seizures Patients
with tonic-clonic seizures suffer from abrupt
loss of awareness, stiffening of the body,
twitching, shaking, and loss of bladder. How does
one diagnose epilepsy? The seizure disorder is
diagnosed based on the onset of convulsions and
the underlying cause of the disease. There must
be a minimum of two epileptic episodes
(involuntary) to look for a seizure diagnosis.
Medical technology has made it feasible and
easier for timely detection and confirmation of
this neurological condition. 1.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) to examine the nerve
activity of the brain. 2. Neuroimaging (CT
scan MRI) to scan an image of your brain to
define the underlying cause of the seizure. 3.
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan to
visually detect the metabolic activity of the CNS
and look out for brain abnormality. 4. Blood
Test to find infections, genetic linkage, and
other risk factors associated with epilepsy. 5.
Neurological Test to observe behaviour and
mental changes within the individual.
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