Indexing of Graphic Document Images: a Perceptive Approach

1
Indexing of Graphic Document Images a
Perceptive Approach

• Mathieu Delalandre¹,²
• Thursday 16th June 2005
• ¹ PSI Laboratory, Rouen University, France
• ² SCSIT, Nottingham University, UK

2
Who I am ?

• Mathieu Delalandre
• Thesis Fourth year of PhD (defence in September)
• Lab PSI Laboratory, Rouen city, France
• Super E. Trupin, J.M. Ogier, J. Labiche
• Team S. Adam, H. Locteau, P. Héroux, E. Barbu,
  Y. Lecourtier
• Field Document Image Analysis (Graphics
  Recognition)
• Postdoc IPI, SCSIT, from April to September (4-5
  months) with Tony Pridmore

3
Indexing of Graphic Document Images a
Perceptive Approach

• Introduction
• Systems Overview
• The Knowledge Level
• Conclusion

4
IntroductionIndexing Retrieval (I R)
-Indexing Retrieval (I R) -Categorization of
Images -I R of Document Images -My Topic

• Indexing Retrieval Greengrass00
• Indexing Identification and recording of
  attributes of data that will aid retrieval.
• Retrieval Ability of a database management
  system to get back data that were stored there
  previously.
• Applications
• videos (MPEG, AVI, )
• Web pages (XML, XHTML, )
• structured documents (PDF, PS, Word, )
• images (JPG, GIF, )

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IntroductionCategorization of Images
-Indexing Retrieval (I R) -Categorization of
Images -I R of Document Images -My Topic
foreground/background images
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Introduction I R of Document Images (1/3)
-Indexing Retrieval (I R) -Categorization of
Images -I R of Document Images -My Topic

• Today, document images are not indexed by search
  engines due of complexity of Document Image
  Analysis (DIA) task Doerman98Walker00Baird
  03
• Is indexing of document images really needed ? ?
  two questions
• Question How many document images and where
  Spring95 Cleveland98 Steve99 Ouf01
  Baird03 Hu04 ?

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Introduction I R of Document Images (2/3)
-Indexing Retrieval (I R) -Categorization of
Images -I R of Document Images -My Topic
Question New or just old document images ?
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Introduction I R of Document Images (3/3)
-Indexing Retrieval (I R) -Categorization of
Images -I R of Document Images -My Topic

• To Conclude
• (1) DIA is needed (and will be needed) in the
  future of I R of documents Baird03
  Breul04
• (2) DIA must come back today under the way of I
  R Baird03

9
Introduction My Topic
-Indexing Retrieval (I R) -Categorization of
Images -I R of Document Images -My Topic

• Indexing of graphic document images
• Indexing Retrieval ? Indexing
• Identification and recording of attributes of
  data that will aid retrieval
• First step before retrieval
• document images ? graphic document images

10
Indexing of Graphic Document Images a
Perceptive Approach

• Introduction
• Systems Overview
• The Knowledge Level
• Conclusion

11
Systems OverviewIntroduction
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems

• Overview of systems to index graphic document
  images
• we talk about Graphics Indexing Systems
• Graphics Indexing Systems are specialized from
  DIA systems applied to recognition and
  understanding of graphic document images
  Tombre03
• we talk about Graphics Recognition Systems

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Systems OverviewGraphics Recognition Systems
(1/3)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems

• Graphics Recognition Systems
• graphic document images ? structured documents

symbol
linear
text

• Applications deal with graphics parts (symbol and
  linear)
• text/graphics segmentation Tombre02,
  vectorisation Mejbri02, symbol recognition
  Llados02, document interpretation (or
  understanding) Ablameko00,

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Systems OverviewGraphics Recognition Systems
(2/3)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems

• Graphics are structured and connected

• Graphics Recognition Systems are based on
  structural methods
• relational organization of low-level features
  (graphic primitives) into higher-level structures
  (graph) Tombre96 Shi89

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Systems OverviewGraphics Recognition Systems
(3/3)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems

• Architecture of Graphics Recognition Systems

• Graphic Primitive Extraction, some methods
  Wenyin98 Delalandre04
• skeletonization Hilaire04, contouring
  Ramel00, tracking Song00, labelling
  Badawy02, transform Couasnon01, meshes
  Vaxiviere95, region segmentation Cao00,
  run-length Burge98,
• Recognition
• Graph Matching Bunke00, Graph Transform
  Blostein05, Primitive Matching Foggia99,

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Systems OverviewGraphics Indexing Systems (1/3)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems

• Graphics Indexing Systems Doerman98
  Tombre03, 3 classes

Title block recognition Arias98, Najman01,
Lamiroy02,
Statistical framework Samet96, Worring99,
Tabbone03, Terrades03,
Graphics indexing Kasturi88, Lorenz95,
Huang97, Hu97, Barbu04, Valasoulis04,

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Systems OverviewGraphics Indexing Systems (2/3)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems
17
Systems OverviewGraphics Indexing Systems (3/3)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems
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Systems OverviewOpen Problems (1/2)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems

• All these systems use a Lexical/Syntactic (or
  Bottom/Up) approach Tombre96
• Lexical (Bottom) Extraction from images of
  graphical primitives in an fixed way
• Syntactic (Up) Analysis of graphical primitives
  without returns on image
• So, all these systems use a Document
  Understanding Approach, but I R is not an
  Understanding problem

?content adaptation is the most important feature
of I R systems
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Systems OverviewOpen Problems (2/2)
-Introduction -Graphics Recognition
Systems -Graphics Indexing Systems -Open Problems

• Examples of Content Adaptation
• A broad class of document

• Context

• To conclude
• A I R must deal with the content adaptation
• Content adaptation cant be solved without a
  knowledge based approach

20
Indexing of Graphic Document Images a
Perceptive Approach

• Introduction
• Systems Overview
• The Knowledge Level
• Conclusion

21
The Knowledge Level Introduction
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• Some (general) definitions Tuthill90
  Holsapple04
• Knowledge human mental grasp of reality
• Representation placement (and meaning) of
  knowledge into (from) computer memory
• Formalism a set of symbols corresponding to
  knowledge inside computers

• Different types of knowledge
• on strategies
• on case based reasoning
• on ontologies
• .

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The Knowledge Level Graphical Knowledge (1/2)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• Graphical Knowledge Delalandre05 It is a
  type of knowledge corresponding to human mental
  grasp of graphics

it is a gate !
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The Knowledge Level Graphical Knowledge (2/2)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• Two formalism levels Tombre96
• Graphic Primitives Murray96
• Pixel-based formalism pixel, raster, run,
  connected component,
• Vector-based formalism vector, arc, curve,
  ellipsis, square,

• Graph-based formalisms Sowa 99 Relational
  Attributed Graphs (RAG), Frames, Object-Oriented
  Languages,

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The Knowledge Level Graphics Model (1/2)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• Model Seguela01 a knowledge representation
  using given formalisms and for given systems
  purposes
• Graphics Model Delalandre05 model used to
  represent the graphical knowledge

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The Knowledge Level Graphics Model (2/2)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• One system one model ? a considerable number of
  models
• Joseph92 Pasternak93 Han94 Burgue95
  Yu97 Lee98 Ramel00 Couasnon01
  Badawy02 Yan04
• Models depend of extracted graphic primitives, we
  can defined a graphics model taxonomy into 3
  classes Delalandre05

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The Knowledge Level a Perceptive Approach (1/6)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach
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The Knowledge Level a Perceptive Approach (2/6)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach
Region Level
Contour Level
Skeleton Level
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The Knowledge Level a Perceptive Approach (3/6)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• First step, the region level connected
  component analysis Alnuweiri92

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The Knowledge Level a Perceptive Approach (4/6)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• Six Features
• (F) Foreground
• (B) Background
• (R) Resolution (ie. distance)

• (N) Neighboring
• (S) Size
• (I) Inclusion

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The Knowledge Level a Perceptive Approach (5/6)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• Use-Case Queries

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The Knowledge Level a Perceptive Approach (6/6)
-Introduction -Graphical Knowledge -Graphics
Model -a Perceptive Approach

• True-Life Query

FS1
BR2
Ngt2
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Indexing of Graphic Document Images a
Perceptive Approach

• Introduction
• Systems Overview
• The Knowledge Level
• Conclusion

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Conclusion

• Conclusion
• It is just a bibliography study and ideas
• Start on this ideas ?
• Perspectives
• Contour and skeleton levels ?
• System to control the representation building ?