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Sleep disturbances in kids-parasomnia
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Parasomnia is a term that encompasses unusual and
abnormal behaviours before falling asleep while
sleeping and during the phase between sleep and
being wide awake. The behaviours include sleep
paralysis, sleepwalking and night terrors.
Experts suggest that these behaviours occur while
transitioning in and out of sleep, REM and NREM
sleep stages.
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Why does parasomnia occur?
Human sleep has 3 main stages. The transition
from one state to another is not very quick.
Various neural centres have to go through various
transitions before one state completely
manifests. A combination of these states causes
instability which then gives rise to abnormal
behaviours resulting in parasomnia.
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Types of Parasomnia
1.NREM 2.REM 3.OTHERS
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NREM
These are commonly known as disorders of arousal.
In this type of parasomnia, the person
experiences confusional arousal(the individual
sits up from in between sleep and looks around
but does not leave the bed), sleepwalking, night
terrors etc. Many show certain sexual behaviour
during sleep. Some also suffer from sleep-related
eating disorders which manifest as excessive
eating just after waking up from sleep.
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REM
Sleep paralysis (brief inability to move while
waking up or falling asleep), nightmare
disorder(recurrent, vivid nightmares leaving a
person distressed and anxious) and REM Sleep
Behaviour Disorder(RSBD while sleeping, an
individual makes an attempt to act out a dream)
are a few characteristics of REM related
parasomnia.
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OTHERS
This is for those behaviours that are not
specific to a particular stage of sleep. It can
occur at any stage be it while falling asleep,
wakefulness, NREM or REM sleep. The behaviours
generally exhibited are, exploding head syndrome
(people experience a loud sound or an explosive
sensation in the head when they wake up),
sleep-related hallucinations and bed
wetting.  Parasomnia is more common in children
than in adults. Sleep deprivation, restless leg
syndrome and other sleep disorders are the main
triggers behind it. Most of the time it occurs
occasionally and there is actually nothing to
worry about. But, if it occurs very frequently,
then it is time to consult a physician.
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Different types of parasomnia in children

1. Nightmares
2. Sleepwalking
3. Sleeptalking
4. Sleep terrors

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Nightmares
These are very scary dreams that are extremely
vivid. Children find it very difficult to fall
asleep after they wake up from one. These might
begin as early as 18 months of age and mostly are
not very severe. These occur during REM sleep. If
at all there is a psychological reason behind the
nightmares, it is best to go for cognitive
therapy and relaxation training.
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Sleepwalking
In this, the child might wake up and It generally
occurs in children between the ages of 5 and 12.
It is more common in boys and fades away by
adolescence. It is best to wake up your child
when he is sleepwalking.
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Sleeptalking
In this case, your child will talk during sleep.
This also affects boys more than girls and
usually goes away by the early teens.
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Sleep terrors
This is probably the most frightening form of
parasomnia. Children affected by this sweat,
scream and sweat during sleep. It happens during
non-REM sleep. When a child wakes up from sleep
terror, he is not able to remember why he is
afraid. However, this is very rare. Parasomnia
generally does not need treatment. It goes away
as your child approaches his teenage. It is best
to manage it during those years as in most of the
types of parasomnias, interventions work the best
instead of treatment. Waking up your child in
case of sleepwalking and talking is the best way
out and is not at all harmful for your child.
However, it must be kept in mind that it is
important to address all the forms of parasomnia
as if not addressed, can lead to serious
injuries, disrupted sleep and other health
complications in the near future.  
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