Humans belong to the

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Humans belong to the Order Primates (233 living
species)
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Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder
Catarrhini Superfamily Hominoidea
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Who is the closest relative of human?
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We are naturally led to enquire, where was the
birthplace of man at that stage of descent when
our progenitors diverged from the catarrhine
stock? The fact that they belonged to the stock
clearly shows that they inhabited the Old World.
In each great region of the world the living
mammals are closely related to the extinct
species of the same region. It is therefore
probable that Africa was formerly inhabited by
extinct apes closely allied to the gorilla and
chimpanzee and as these two species are now
mans nearest allies, it is somewhat more
probable that our early progenitors lived on the
African continent than elsewhere. Charles
Darwin. 1871. The Descent of Man. Chapter 6 On
the Affinities and Genealogy of Man catarrhine
Old World monkeys
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Darwin thought that chimpanzee and gorilla are
our closest relatives.
Huxley believed that the gorilla may be closer to
us than the chimpanzee.
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Ernst Haeckel
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Pithecanthropus alalus (the mute ape-man)
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Until the late 1970s, Pongo was accepted as our
closest living relative.
Asian (not African) Fair (not dark)
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2005
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Data 5.3 Kb noncoding DNA
The distance between H and C is the shortest (dHC
1.45). Thus, we join these two OTUs first, and
place the node at 1.45/2 0.73.
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Data 5.3 Kb noncoding DNA
(HC) and G are now separated by the shortest
distance, they are the next to be joined, and the
node is placed at 1.54/2 0.77.
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very short uncertain branch
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Sattath Tversky method 5 taxa H, C, G, O, R
There are 5!/4!(5 4)! 5 possible
quadruples.
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A distant relative (and then there were two)
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Maximum parsimony
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Hypotheses
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bonobo
Homo sapiens
Pan paniscus
Pan troglodytes
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0.7
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1.5
Macaca nemestrina
Macaca nigra
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Change in topology
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Change in chronology
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Restore Homo troglodytes
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Genus Number of morphological Number of
molecular species species Homo 1
1 Pan 2 4 Gorilla 1 2 Pongo 1
2 Hylobates 9 ?
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Humans have no extant relatives closer than the
chimpanzees. Thus, for the time period between
5-10 MYA (the split between Pan and Homo) and
200,000-400,000 YA (the molecularly inferred date
of origin of Homo sapiens), we must mostly rely
on paleontologists.
Omo I Kibish, Ethiopia 195,000 years ago
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Sean B. Carroll (2003) Nature 422849
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Evolution and dispersal of the genus Homo.
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• Homo habilis, 2.4-1.6 mya
• Homo sapiens, 0.2 mya present
• Homo floriesiensis, 95,000-13,000 years ago
• Homo erectus, 1.8-0.1 mya
• Paranthropus boisei, 2.3-1.4 mya
• Homo heidelbergensis, 0.7-0.3 mya
• Homo neanderthalensis 250,000 to 30,000 years ago

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An imperfect great chain of being
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The geographic origin of humans
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Because time is short, we need a molecular marker
that evolves fast.
Mitochondrial DNA Matrilineal
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D-loop
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Y paternal lineage
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Y phylogeny
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Africa
Europe
Asia
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The geographic origin of humans is Africa
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11 January 1988
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A Khwe woman
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Was there only one Eve? Was there only one
Adam?
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Coalescence
Lucky Mother
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Did Adam and Eve meet?
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Is morphology congruent with genetics?
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Ainu
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Philippines Negrito
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A modern human child (left) and the Gibraltar 1
Neanderthal child (right)
Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted until
about 30-40,000 years ago. Did interbreeding
occur?
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Expansion of modern humans
neanderthals
modern humans
time in generations, i.e., -1,600 generations ?
32,000 years ago
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Proposed time line for divergence
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Conclusion There are no Neanderthal mitochondria
in modern Europeans. This is consistent with
A less than 0.1 interbreeding
rate or Sterility of hybrids
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Big problem!
As it turns out, the sequencing of a Neandertal
is now much easier than finding a good
uncontaminated sample. Edward Rubin, Director,
Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory
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How did our ancestors look like morphologically?
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solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
Thomas Hobbes. 1651. Leviathan, or the Matter,
Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth,
Ecclesiasticall and Civill.
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1990
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The road to blondness
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The progressive narrative of human evolution
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Misia Landau. 1984. Human Evolution as Narrative.
American Scientist 72262-268.
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Are humans unique?
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• playing

• murder

• burial

• practicing skills

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Ex terra ad astra in a mere 2.5 million
years. from the earth to the stars
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The earliest direct evidence of hominid
technology dates to 2.5 million years ago in the
Ethiopian Rift Valley. This simple technology is
named the Oldowan Industrial Complex.
Australopithecus afarensis
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Large cutting tools marked the advent of the
Acheulean Industrial Complex between 1.5 and 0.3
million years ago. Homo erectus Homo
heidelbergensis
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Technological and cultural evolution accelerated
300,000 years ago, during the Middle
Paleolithic. Homo neandethalensis Homo sapiens
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Upper Paleolithic technologies appeared 50,000
years ago in East Africa and the Levant. Homo
sapiens
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Is tool making a unique ability of humans?
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Darwinian Man, though well behaved, At best is
only a monkey shaved. W. S. Gilbert
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Are humans genetically unique?
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The International Chimpanzee Chromosome 22
Consortium. 2004. DNA sequence and comparative
analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22. Nature
429382-388. In a comparison of 33.3 Mb of
chimpanzee chromosome 22 with the human
counterpart, chromosome 21, it was found that the
chromosomes differ by 1.44 single-nucleotide
substitutions and 68,000 insertions or
deletions. These differences generate changes in
83 of the 231 amino-acid sequences.
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http//genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1746/T3.expa
nsion.html