Caspian Water Quality Monitoring and Action Plan or Areas of Pollution Concerns. Title TACIS 2005/109244.

1
Caspian Water Quality Monitoring and Action Plan
or Areas of Pollution Concerns. Title TACIS
2005/109244.

• Develop and implement a regional
• water quality-monitoring programme
• focused on
• critical contaminants and hotspots

Oleg Voiitsekhovitch (CMSET/Ukraine Jan
Høybye / COWI Denmark
Author
May 2007
2
Inception Workshop

• Analysis of the Project and RWQMP Strategy
  revision
• 2 Development of Basic and Specific objectives
  
• for RWQMP ( national and regional level)
• 3. QA/QC program
• 4. Strategy for project activity
  implementation
• (cruises, equipment, training and consulting
  services)

May 2007
3

• Revised project objectives
• During the project start-up phase, the project
  objectives were revised in order to reflect the
  developments that have taken place between
  preparation of the project document and the
  present situation.

• SAP Target 2.1 of November 5, 2003
• "Develop and implement a regional monitoring
  programme focused on critical contaminants and
  Areas of Pollution Concern (RWQMP)",
• now converted per October 2006 into
• Target 3.1 "Develop and implement a regional
  water quality-monitoring programme focused on
  critical contaminants and hotspots, (H) 1-5
  years"
• SAP Target 3.2 "Develop and implement a regional
  action plan to remedy Areas of Pollution Concern
  identified in the near Caspian basin (Regional
  Pollution Action Plan - RPAP)",
• now converted per October 2006 into
• Target 1.2 "Undertake a comprehensive land-based
  source assessment and develop a regional action
  plan to remediate areas of pollution concern
  identified, (H) 1-5 years".

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Therefore

• This conversion prompts the Consultant to put
  more efforts in identifying and mitigating land
  based pollution sources that affect the Caspian
  Sea.
• Rather than GIWA (Global International Water
  Assessment), the Consultant therefore suggested
  applying OECD's DPSIR (Driver, Pressure, State,
  Impact and Response) approach both to RWQMP and
  RPAP.

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Documents received and read
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Some important Rerences
?? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? (???????) ??????????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ? "?????????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ????????? ?????? ????, ? ? ?????? ???, ????????? ? ???"// ???????????????, ?????????, 1976.
"The Caspian Sea Environment" Vol. 5 Water
Pollution, Ed. A. Kostianoy, A. Kosarev. -
Korshenko A., Gul A.G. Pollution of the Caspian
Sea. - Hdb. Env. Chem. Vol. 5, Part P,
Springer-Verlag, 2005 ???????? ??????????
?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????
???????????? ?????????????, ???.????. 1??
????????????? ??????-???????????? ???????????
16-18 ??????? 2005 ?., ?????????., ??-??
????????, ?????????, 2005, ?.37-45. ???? ?.?.
???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????. ????,
"??????? ??????????", 2003, 71 ?. ????????
??????? ????? ?????????-???????????????
????????, ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????
????????? ?????? ??????????? ????. - ?, ????,
1998 ?., 280 ?.
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The analyses of the monitoring status in
Caspian countries convinced us that an existing
observational network in a region is rather
developed. However informational capacity of
the data collection system as an element of the
Environment quality management are rather weak.
Its concerns mainly to fragmental estimation of
the immission aspects of the pollutants in the
sea environment, since other important
characteristics of the land based or seaborn
impactors, their transport and effects to the
Environment can not be estimated properly
8
The main issues to be considered as a
part of studies in justification of
RWQMP

• Inflow and water level data
• Water quality data and
• Bottom sediment contamination and its adsorption
  capacity and contaminants remobilization.
  Sedimentation fluxes
• Specific Hot spots and impact area
  identification
• Monitoring data feedback and Data exchange
• Status of laboratory conditions and needs
  identification
• QA/QC status in national laboratories,
  identification of the key reference laboratories
  for Proficiency testing exercises
• Concept of the Database
• Models validation and Model utilization as a
  tools for RWQMP optimisation

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Water balance drivers

• The main drivers of the Caspian Sea is Volga
  River, Precipitation and Evaporation.
• Evaporation is essentially the only mechanism
  transporting water away from the Sea
• Inflow to the Caspian Sea is dominated by
  precipitation and river discharge from Volga,
  which in total accounts for more than 90.

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Comparison of the main fluxes
Volga River is main water flux contributor. It is
not a fact that Volga is a major contributor of
the pollution loading in to the Caspian Sea
Priority in Hot Spot ? ? ?
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The Caspian Sea water level dynamics and
Pollution concerns
Short-term Storm Surges
Long-term trends
Flooding of the dam, Tengiz Deposit area, 2003
During Surges the water level for the short
period (some hours) can increase to 1,5 - 3,0 m.
MIKE-21 my be successfully applied for
diagnostic analyses of the impact of the
potentially polluted territories and coastal
zones
Karaton-Teren Uzek, agriculture lands washout.
November 2004
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To identify the Main Impactors on Water Quality
is one of the most important tasks for RWQMP

• Sources
• Source functions
• Impact area
• Criteria for Impact Assessment
• Critical impactors
• Critical pathways
• Seasonality
• Long-term prediction

• Pragmatic approach based on
• Regional screening and
• Hot spot focused RWQMP strategy

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During recent years the number of Caspian Sea
pollution Studies have been carried out. Good
basis for inception
analyses
Oil products (µg/l)
Pb
Corg
2004-2006 Legs 1-3
water
Bottom sediment
PCBs
DDT
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Priority in selection critical type of pollution

The largest Nutrients pollution source is
the rivers from the Russia (Volga River)
The second largest source of pollution comes from
municipalities (Iran, Azerbaijan). 70 of
the oil pollution originates in Russia (via
rivers) and coastal industrial activities in
Azerbaijan, Iran and Kazahkstan (?) DDT,
PCBs - comes mainly from Kura River and Iranian
Cost
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• It will not be possible to pay full attention
  to all APCs and all problem areas during the
  present project

• Concept of the new RWQMP for the CS countries in
  following
• to discuss, present and propose/agree appropriate
  methodologies for
• Monitoring selected Areas of Pollution
  Concern
• Mapping and estimation of major pollution
  sources and
• Proposals for typical/demonstration pollution
  control and remediation actions/feasibility
  studies.

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Priority suggested for project activity
(2007-2008)
APCs
Azerbaijan Baku Bay and Absheron Kura River Sumgait (A1) (A-2) (A-3) Oil product municipal, BOD NORM, Nutrigen Pesticides, (DDTs), P?Bs, Heavy metals
Iran Sefid Rood River Bandar Anzali Chalus/Noshahr Gorgan Bay (I-1) (I-2) (I-3) (I-4) Municipal waste water Industrial impact ( heavy metals) CPs, P?Bs
Turkmenistan Krasnavodsk Chelekan (T1) (T2) Municipal, Heavy metals, NORM
Kazakhstan Ural River del Aterau Aktau (K1) (K2) (K3) Oil and oil products Heavy metals, P?B,s
Russia Derbent (Terek) Makhachkala Volga River delta (R1) (R2) (R3) Oil product municipal, BOD, Nitrogen NORM, Pesticides, (DDTs), P?Bs, Heavy metals
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Note for RWQMP

• This strategy will serve the two main purposes of
  the current project
• to address the most significant pollution sources
  (main objective for the RWQMP and RPAP)
• and to demonstrate how amelioration projects can
  be designed for the various key types of
  pollution (RPAP). These demonstration activities
  will provide the basis (handbook, methodology
  guidelines) for CEP's further work.
• CEP already carrying our rather wide monitoring
  activity at the Caspian Sea (RPMP). Therefore
  RMQP and RPMP must be well harmonised and
  coordinated

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Baseline monitoring expecting from national
Services

• River Water inflow
• Regular Hydrological and Oceanographic
  observation
• (level, water balance, water mass exchange, water
  dynamic, water dispersion, ventilation,
• Physical parameters (CTD profiles)
• Hydrochemistry (pH, salinity, transparent,
  conductivity
• Basic Hydrobiology (chlorofyl, phyto-zoo plankton
• Other

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Specific objectives for RWQMP under TACIS CP

• To identify the major sources of sea water and
  bottom sediment pollution and also its impact
  areas for the main regionally important
  pollutants based on its regional environmental
  risk potential and DPSR approach
• To demonstrate the comparability of the
  monitoring data and to implement QA/QC program
  at the Caspian Sea countries
• To validate the modelling tools to be chosen for
  simulation of the temporal and spatial dynamic of
  the contaminants in the sea water.
• To develop proposal for optimal (cost effective
  and informative) national and regional WQMP,
  which will make possible to monitor the current
  state of Environment, to justify and estimate
  Effectiveness of the SPD implementation

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QA/QC Quality Asurance/Quality Control

• Quality assurance is required by the generic
  Environment safety standard and should be an
  integral part of the source, and environmental
  monitoring programs.
• Quality assurance should provide for a
  disciplined approach to all activities affecting
  quality of the monitoring results
• The first Proficiency testing ( Metals, PCBs and
  CPs) has been conducted under supervision of MEL
  IAEA. The Reference materials such as
  BS-1(OC) for PSBs and CPs and IAEA-405 (about 30
  metals).
• AGIP initiated and carried out number of
  intercomparison working with Oil/Gas monitoring
  sector in Kazahstan
• The results show that it is still a begining of
  the way toward QA/QC impementation in the most of
  Caspian countries.

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QA/QC

• Generally, the quality assurance programmed
  should be designed to ensure that
• the regulatory requirements relating to source,
  environmental and individual monitoring are met
• (b) appropriate sampling and measurement methods
  are used
• (c) the choice of environmental media, sampling
  and measurement locations, and the associated
  sampling frequency are appropriate
• (d) inter-laboratory comparisons for methods and
  instruments at national or international level
  are in place.

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http//www.iupac.org
A. Fajgelj.Seibersdorf Lab.IAEA
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Metrological traceability
comparability to provide confidence that
measurement results agree within the stated
measurement uncertainty independent of
traceability property of the result of a
measurement or the value of a standard whereby it
can be related to the stated reference, usually
national or international standard, throughout an
unbroken sequence of comparisons all having
stated uncertainties. VIM 6.10 ref BIPM, IEC,
IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, International
Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in
Metrology, 2nd edition, Geneva, 1993)
A. Fajgelj, July 2005, Slide 23 of 36
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Terminology related to CRMs
A. Fajgelj, July 2005, Slide 24 of 36
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Sediment RM and specific recommendations

• horizon sampled, height of overlaying water
  column
• sediment texture (particle size range or
  clay,slit, sand)
• Organic carbon content, dry matter content, and

• other parameters if known or assumed to impact
  on the analyte to be determined or relevant for
  the specific goal of the research project, such
  as pH, redox potential, organic and/or inorganic
  carbon content, cat ion exchange capacity,
  biologic al activity, content in sorption phases
  such as iron,aluminium or manganese, type of clay
  material

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Research program Process have to
be in focus of specific WQMP

• The fate of the nutrients and other, oil
  products and trace elements riverine inlet to the
  Caspian sea
• Physical and chemical forms transformation of
  the hydrocarbons, PCBs and oil products
  contaminants,
• TENORM (Ra-226....,Th-232...., Rn-222
  (Pb-210,Po-210) and other having oil and gas
  exploration origin at the Coast
• the fate of pesticides (DDTs....), and other
  coming from the agriculture and industrial
  sources (heavy metals, phenols other)
• the fate of pollutants having the municipal
  waste water origin (Colli, BOD, Phosphorus,
  other....)
• Aerosol fluxes. The fate of aerosol fallout on to
  the sea and secondary aerosol origin coastal area
  pollution
• Sediment fluxes. The fate of the pollutants
  accumulated in the bottom sediment in their fixed
  and mobile phases (adsorption capacities of
  sediments, rate of sedimentation and
  remobilisation abilities)
• the fate of contaminants assimilation and its
  uptake by the marine biota and the sea food chain
  analyses, other

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Satellite images resources to be wide utilized
CEP and SOI has very goodexperience in
useSatellite images resources
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Modeling is important component in RWQMP

1. An overall box-model, i.e. a water and pollution
   mass balance model
2. A distributed 2D HD/AD model (e.g. MIKE21) for
   the coastal zone.
3. Drifting models (for oil dispersion analyses)
4. MINTEQ type models (mass-exchange boom-sediment
   water masses)
5. BOSS-SMS (RMA) model (wash-out of toxic materials
   from coastal inundated lands)
6. Atmospheric dispersion models
7. The future milestone is develop informational and
   modeling EDSS

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An overall box-model, (water and pollution mass
balance model) is a first step

• The surface current pattern clear shows the three
  main basins in the Sea.
• The current pattern also shows that pollution
  discharged in one point on the coast will be
  transported to other parts of the Sea.
• This clearly calls for concerted action and close
  cooperation among the five littoral states in
  order to improve the general water quality.

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Modeling and database management

• One approach could be to subdivide the Caspian
  Sea into four main basins and each sub-basin
  divided according to national borders. This would
  result in ten compartments distributed as
  follows
• 1 Russia - 2 compartments
• 2 Adzerbaijan - 2 compartments
• 3 Iran - 1 compartment
• 4 Turkmenistan - 3 compartments
• 5 Kazakhstan - 2 compartments

D gt 10 m
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Voluntary agreements to be achieved

• For each of the ten compartments, the project
  shall seek to establish
• The baseline situation
• An assessment of the land-based (coastal zone)
  pollution load
• An assessment the exchange of pollutants between
  the neighboring compartments, and
  sedimentation/degradation
• The maximum allowable concentrations of a set of
  key indicator pollutants (to be selected during
  or immediately after the Inception Phase), i.e.
  the compartment receptor water quality limits
• An action plan for mitigation of the excess
  pollution load - given that the external
  pollution load exceeds the maximum allowable
  pollution load

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Voluntary agreements to be achieved

• The challenge here is to establish the exchange
  of pollution between compartments and have all
  five littoral states agree to the
• Size of the actual external pollution load, and
• Maximum permissible pollution loads to each
  compartment.

Pollution load
lt
Capacity
Less than
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Voluntary agreements to be achieved

• If such agreements can be achieved during the
  project, then the road will be paved for a
• Clear and consistent description of
  responsibilities and targets
• Systematic and coordinated data collection and
  pollution source assessment
• Sound and documented basis for implementation of
  the action plan

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Regional WQMP planning forin frame of TACIS
Caspian Sea project 2007
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Russian Federation

• Contracting of experts and Procurement.....)
• Expert mission (Moscow Astrakhan, Makhachkala
  ?)
• Preparation of the Program for sampling.
  Agreement in methodology and requirements
• Cruses, sampling (Volga Delta, Terek River,
  Dagestan)
• Sample (water, bottom sediment forms screening
  analyses (SOI, Typhoon, Obninsk)
• Preparation of the Concepts (drafts) for RWQMP
  and QA/QC
• Workshop ???
• Reporting

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?zerbaijan

• Target area Baku Bay, Abcheron Kura, Araks
  Rivers
• Expert Mission, visiting Laboratories,
• Evaluation of current monitoring programs,
  analytical and experts capacities
• Oil-Drifting Model application discussion
• Planning field studies, equipment Research
  vessels
• Data analyses
• Discussion Concept and Regional Monitoring
  Program ( Baseline and specific RWQMP)
• QC/QA planning

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Iran

• Target area is Coastal zone
• Expert Mission, visiting Laboratories,
• Evaluation of current monitoring programs,
  analytical and experts capacities
• Expertise of previous Data with special attention
  of qualification of the local experts
• Consulting in planning of the field studies, air
  origin, beaches and municipality sources
• Discussion coordination, Data exchange and
  Concept for National and Regional Monitoring
  Program (Baseline and specific RWQMP)
• QC/QA planning and potential participation of the
  Laboratories in compliances with an already
  done exercises under MEL (IAEA)

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????????????

• Contact with CaspEcoControl
• Introduction with national monitoring
  approach
• Evaluation of the main sources of pollution
• Expertise of former Uranium Mines and
  tailings impact
• Selection of priority and needs for Technical
  assistance

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????????? (Aktau, Aterau)

• Expert Mission, visiting key Laboratories
• Evaluation of current monitoring programs.
• Planning field studies, equipment and specific
  research needed
• Existing Data analyses
• Screening and Sampling exercises ( Atyrau)
• Reference Samples to be analyzed in Local Lab
  oratory and in referee EU Lab.
• Discussion RWQMP Concept
• Experience of AGIP co-operation and
  intercalibration exercises
• QC/QA planning
• Some Specific expertise needed (for instance)
  Uranium Mile tailing at the coast in Aktau
  Koshkar-Ata or Oil polluted area at the coast

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Constraints for RWQMP implementation

• Lack of political support
• Different legislative framework
• Lack of analytical and technical capacities
• Borders and customs issues
• Sampling at the restricted areas of the Sea
• Constrains on samples transfer out of the
  countries
• Lack of communication
• Difference in methodological standards and
  requirements
• Access to the Data and Data exchange
• Other

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• Thank you for attention
• Hope on further fruitful and beneficial
  co-operation