Corrections

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Corrections

• Scope and costs
• Development of corrections
• Reform in the United States

• Organization of corrections
• Issues in corrections
• Who is in prison?

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Corrections Scope and Cost

• Corrections includes
• Incarceration
• Intermediate sanctions
• Probation
• Parole programs
• Costs of system

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Early English Corrections

• England Gaols and Hulks
• All inmates put together
• No government responsibility for welfare of
  inmates

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Changes in Corrections Thinking

• Enlightenment rethinking
• John Howard The State of
• Prisons in England and Wales (1777)
• Howards ideas brought to
• United States

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Eras of Correction
Medical Model (1930s-1960s)
Colonial (1600s-1790s)
Penitentiary (1790s-1860s)
Community Model (1960s-1970s)
Reformatory (1870s-1890s)
Crime Control Model (1970s-2000)
Progressive (1830s-1930s)
Today
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Federal Prison System

• Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the system.
• Maintains institutions at 6 security levels.
• Population contains more inmates convicted of
  white collar crime than state institutions.
• Drug offenders make up about 60 of the
  incarcerated population.
• Less than 7 have committed violent crimes.

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State Corrections Systems

• Executive branch but degree of centralization
  varies
• Community corrections
• Prisons

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Multiple, and sometimes conflicting missions of
community corrections.

• Punish offenders.
• Protect the community.
• Reduce crime.
• Save money.
• Prevent prison crowding.

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State Prison Organization
Classification based on Gender Age
Security
State Prison Dept.
Female
Male
Juvenile
Max Med Min
Female
Male
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State Institutions for Women

• Only 6 of incarcerated population
• 53 institutions for women and 29 coed

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Privatization Prisons for Profit

• Well established theory in state government
• Comparison to public
• Remaining issues

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Corrections Industry Stock Performance
WHC Wackenhut Corrections CXW Corrections
Corporation of America SPX SP
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Jails Local Correctional Facilities

• 3,300 in United States
• Locally administered
• Function
• Issues

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Incarceration Trends

• From 98 per 100k in 72 to 409 per 100k in 95
• Higher than any other developed country
• Explanations
• Public opinion
• Better policing
• Tougher sentencing
• Construction
• War on drugs

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Who is in Prison?

• Primarily young
• Minorities
• Recidivists
• Increasing elderly population
• Rise of HIV and AIDS

Elderly prison population over time