CARDINAL%20SURVEYS%20COMPANY

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CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY

• Eliminate the Guesswork!

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CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY

• lnjection
• Profile
• School

If you dont know where its going, its a
disposal, not a flood.
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Injection Profiles - Why?

• Determine where fluids are going.
• Check mechanical integrity of well bore.
• Verify conformance to formation porosity.
• Locate channels.
• Check perforations.
• Check fill.
• Find scale and build-up.
• Discover holes or unreported perforations.

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Injection Profiles - Objectives

• SAFELY
• Accurate and Quantative
• Detect Mechanical Problems
• Detect Channels
• Minimize Risk to Well
• Perform economically without sacrificing quality.

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Injection Profile Log - Components

• Radioactive Tracers
• Spinner Logs
• Temperature Logs
• Caliper Logs
• Collar Logs

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Injection Profile Log - Logs

• Injecting Temperature Log
• Two Radioactive Tracer Logs
• The Intensity Profile
• Series of Stationary Velocity Measurements
• Channel Checks
• Packer Check
• Shut-In Temperature Logs
• Cross-Flow Checks
• Caliper Log

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator

• Review well records.
• Prepare a wellbore diagram
• Current condition of the well.
• Significant past factors and changes.
• Well bore equipment (depths, i.d.)
• Casing, liners, tubing, packer(s), plugs, casing
  shoe(s).
• Downhole control valves (mandrels).

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator

• Well configuration
• Perforations.
• Open hole intervals.
• Plugged or squeezed zones
• Known thief zones, channels, and other known
  areas of possible fluid loss should be indicated.
• Well head
• Height.
• Connection required.

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator

• Unusual conditions
• Remote injection control valves.
• High pressures (above 2000 PSI).
• Safety hazards (hydrogen sulfide).
• Restrictions or modifications to normal
  procedures.

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator

• Lease and well data
• Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
• Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
• Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray,
  collar log).
• Previous profile(s).

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator

• Additional equipment
• Breathing apparatus.
• H2S monitors.
• Fluid containment systems.

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator

• Preparation of the well for survey
• Tubing or tail pipe 50' above the top perforation
  or shoe.
• Full opening valve.
• Stable rate 48 hours.
• Slick line sinker bar run and T.D. check.
• Rate meter and pressure gauge.
• Install crown valve
• Test valves and tree.

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Operator

• Information needed at the well site
• Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
• Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
• Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray,
  collar log).
• Well diagrams.
• Previous profile(s).
• MSDS as required.
• Well history and recent workovers.

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Service Company

• Proper pressure control equipment
• Wireline blow out preventer.
• Tool trap.
• Full-opening bleed off valve (2 in.).
• Pressure control head.
• Lubricator risers.
• (All equipment must be rated and tested to the
  expected working pressure limit.)
• Well head connections.
• Tool selection
• Tool size (smallest internal diameter in well.)

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Service Company

• Tool configuration
• Collar locator.
• Radioactive ejector.
• Detector(s).
• Caliper.
• Temperature tool.
• Radio isotope
• Iodine (I-131), solution based on the type of
  fluid being injected.

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Injection Profiles - Preparation Service Company

• Documentation and information needed at the well
  site
• Company Safety Policy and Procedures manual.
• Material Safety Data sheets.
• Radiation License
• Document of Awareness (signed by Operator.)
• MSDS for service company products.
• Maps with locations, roads, and plants.
• Tabulation of injection rates and pressures.
• Depth correlation logs (primary log, gamma ray,
  collar log).
• Well diagrams.
• Previous profile(s).
• MSDS from operator as required.

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Injection Profiles - Procedures Rig Up and Run
In

• Conduct pre job radiation level surveys.
• Install mast unit and lubricator.
• Load radioisotope ejector.
• Loaded with radioactive material according to
  Cardinal Surveys Company Ejector Loading
  Procedures.
• Record tool serial numbers.
• Connect tracer survey tools.

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Injection Profiles - Procedures Rig Up and Run
In

• Shut off injection.
• Follow LOCKOUT/TAGOUT procedures as required.
• Connect lubricator.
• Lower tools into well.
• Start and check injection rate.
• Record average reading and meter make and model.

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Logging Tools

• Scintillation Detector
• 16 to 24 radius of investigation
• Geiger Detector is 80 less sensetive.
• O-ring sealed Ejector Port
• Temperature Tool
• 0.1 to 0.25 degrees F resolution

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Injection Profiles - Procedures Logging
Procedure

• Logging procedure
• Injecting temperature survey.
• Gamma-ray and collar log.
• Correlate to log provided.
• Gamma-ray base log.
• (Reduced sensitivity)
• Caliper survey.

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Injection Profiles - Procedures Logging
Procedure

• Logging procedure
• Intensity profile.
• (One Slug of radioactive material.)
• Velocity profile.
• (Multiple stationary readings.)
• Downward channel check, if applicable.
• No Flow check, if applicable.
• Upward channel check (shoe or top perf.)

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Injection Profiles - Procedures Logging
Procedure

• Logging procedure
• Packer check.
• Tubing drop shots.
• (Verifies meter rate.)
• Check injection rate and record.
• Shut-in temperature surveys as required.
• Crossflow checks.
• (Necessary to interpret Shut-in Temps.)

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Injection Profiles - Procedures Rig Down

• Remove tools from the well and bring into
  lubricator.
• Shut well in.
• Rig down.
• Return the well to injection.
• Monitor injection rate and pressure.
• Report anomalies.
• Inspect well head, location, etc.
• Clean up. Report unsafe conditions or problems.

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Calculations and InterpretationsVolumetric Flow
Rates

• Volume PI x Dia2 / 4 L
• Volumetric Flow Vol / Time

Diameter
Length
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Calculations and InterpretationsApplication of
Volumetric Rates

• Tracer Elapsed Time Runs
• Stationary Velocities
• Spinner Flow Meters
• Tubing Drop Shots
• Crossflow Checks
• Production Log Velocities

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Calculations and InterpretationsCaliper Log -
Required!

• In standard 5 1/2 Casing
• A 1/4 buildup 11 Error!
• A 1 buildup 39 Error!

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Calculations and InterpretationsInjecting
Temperature Survey.

• First pass - Logging down (always) - First time
  to tag up
• The logging speed is 50-60 feet per minute.
• The well is logged once from 200 feet above the
  injection packer to L.T.D. while the well is
  injecting.
• Note Due to diurnal-nocturnal temperature
  variations of injection fluid, it may be
  advantageous to defer the injecting temperature
  survey until immediately prior to well shut in.

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Injection ProfilesExample Calculations

• I.D. 4.96
• Reaction Time 26.5 sec.
• Tool Spacing 5 ft.

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Injection ProfilesExample Calculations

• I.D. 4.96
• Reaction Time 26.5 sec.
• Tool Spacing 5 ft.
• Calculated velocity 0.189 ft/sec
• Calculated volumetric flow 0.0252 cu.ft./sec
• Flow 388 BPD

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Calculations and InterpretationsInjecting
Temperature Survey.

• Temperature surveys are always run down (going in
  the hole).
• The initial temperature survey should indicate
• Well total depth (when corrected to depth control
  logs).
• Possibility of fluid loss below L.T.D. (log total
  depth), or bottom of injection loss.
• Mechanical/well bore problems preventing movement
  of tool.
• Decision to proceed!

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Injection Temperature
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Calculations and InterpretationsCorrelation Log

• Gamma Ray and Collar Log
• For Depth Correlation Purposes
• Earlier / Original Logs Better
• Avoid Depth Creep
• Good Quality Copies

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Calculations and InterpretationsIntensity
Profile

• Tool configuration - one scintillation detector
  located below the ejector.
• Readings are made versus depth.
• Radioactive material is ejected ("slug") above
  the perforated or open hole interval.
• Tools lowered approx. 20 ft. below slug, and
  logged through slug ("drag run").

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Calculations and InterpretationsIntensity
Profile

• Repeat and catch slug at frequency adequate to
  determine fluid loss.
• Slug logged at the constant speed.
• Repeat until slug stops moving or is lost to
  formation.
• Loss calculations from area under curve

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Calculations and InterpretationsIntensity
Profile

• Quantified loss profile
• Bottom of injection movement (or loss below
  L.T.D.)
• Possible channeling outside casing
• Possible holes in pipe or other mechanical
  problems.
• Independent of wellbore diameter changes.

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Intensity Profile (Drag Run)
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Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots

• Data are recorded versus time. The tool string
  remains stationary
• Eject a burst of radioactive material ("slug").
• The transit time of the slug moving to the
  detector is recorded.
• Terminate and verify after 5 minutes.
• Repeat until zone is profiled.

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Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots

• No movement is a No Flow Slug
• Channel checks (upward and downward)
• 100 stations (normally three 100).
• Placed between the packer and the top perforation
  or top of the open hole interval.

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Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots

• Channel checks - special velocity shots.
• Ejected into flow.
• Detector may be moved to locate or follow a
  channel.
• Downward channel check prior to No Flow.

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Calculations and Interpretations Velocity
Profile - Velocity Shots

• Calculations of the percent loss are performed
  using transit time between the ejector tool and
  the gamma detector.
• Calculations convert linear velocities into
  volumetric flow rates in conjunction with caliper
  data (well bore diameters).

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Velocity Shot Example
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Velocity Shot Example
Channel Check (No Channel Indicated)
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Calculations and InterpretationsTubing Drop
Shots

• In tubing above packer.
• Tool positioned ahead of slug 4 - 6 times.
• Velocity in tubing converted to volumetric flow
  rate.
• Used to verify injection rate.

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Calculations and InterpretationsShut In
Temperatures

• The number of runs and timing depends on well
  conditions.
• Well and lubricator MUST be fully sealed.
• Indicates long term storage of injected fluid
  volumes.
• Indicates external channels
• Radius of investigation - deep formation.
• Cross flow to verify fluid movement.

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• Temperature Logs can not distinguish between
  events occurring inside, or outside the wellbore
• Injection Temperatures show the bottoms of fluid
  losses and major velocity changes
• Shut-in Temperatures indicate the tops of events
  and give a relative magnitude of fluid storage
• Injecting and Shut-in logs merging indicate the
  absolute bottom of fluid movement

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Calculations and InterpretationsCrossflow Checks

• Multiple slugs across interval.
• Recorded vs. depth.
• Runs approx. 5 min.
• Crossflow quantified by slug peak movement vs.
  time.
• Top slug should not move.
• Good for very slow rate wells.

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Crossflow Check
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Injection Profiles - CO2

• CO2 Properties
• Unique Problems
• Special Procedures
• Logging Water vs. CO2

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Injection Profiles - CO2 CO2 Properties

• High energy gas
• Acidic in water
• Phase ???
• Heat capacity
• Density

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Injection Profiles - CO2Unique Problems

• Corrosive
• Seals and o-rings (lubricator and tools)
• Pressure (higher, expansion if released)
• Well head configuration (bleed, kill well?)
• Noise (electrical)
• Special tracer base material - personnel
• Well head - multiple lines (WAG)

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Injection Profiles - CO2 Special Procedures

• Safety - pressure control
• Personnel protection - radiation
• O-rings and seals - materials and maint.
• Time and speed (Slow Down!)
• Temperatures (Cold!)

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CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY

• lnjection
• Profile
• School

If you dont know where its going, its a
disposal, not a flood.
58
CARDINAL SURVEYS COMPANY

• Eliminate the Guesswork!

59

• End