Basic Nutrition Lesson Proteins Part One

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Basic Nutrition Lesson Proteins Part One
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• Protein Structure and Metabolism
• Proteins are necessary for building the
  structural components of the human body, such as
  muscles and organs
• You also need proteins to keep your immune
  system healthy, synthesize neurotransmitters,
  create and signal hormones

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• Meats, eggs, and dairy products are significant
  sources of protein, but you can also get protein
  from a variety of grains, legumes, nuts, and
  seeds.

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• Just a Tiny Bit of Protein Chemistry
• Proteins tend to be large molecules made up of
  several building blocks called amino acids.

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• The general structure of any amino acid molecule
  includes a carboxyl group of atoms, an amine
  group and a side chain.
• The carboxyl group contains one carbon, two
  oxygen, and one hydrogen atom.
• The amine group contains one nitrogen atom with
  two hydrogen atoms attached to it.

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• All 20 amino acids have different side chains,
  which vary in shape including straight chains of
  atoms, branched chains of atoms and rings of
  atoms.
• The side chains may include carbon, hydrogen,
  sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms.

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• There are 20 different amino acids.
• Amino acids are linked together to form
  peptides, which are small chains of amino acids.
• The peptides are then linked together to form
  larger proteins.

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• There are thousands of different proteins that
  carry out a large number of jobs in the human
  body.
• Even though so many different proteins are at
  work in your body, you don't have to worry about
  consuming each individual protein from the foods
  you eat. Your body will make those proteins

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• Make sure your body has a healthy supply of all
  20 of the different amino acid "building blocks.
• Having enough of those amino acids is easy
  because your body can make 11 of them from other
  compounds already in your body. That leaves 9
  amino acids that you must get from your diet.
• Those nine amino acids are called "essential
  amino acids."

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• Non Essential and Essential Amino Acids
• The 11 non-essential amino acids are not called
  "non-essential" because they are not important.
• They are important and your body requires them
  to perform several functions.
• These amino acids are called "non-essential"
  because you don't need to get them from your
  diet.

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• Your body can build those 12 amino acids from
  chemicals already present in your body. The
  non-essential amino acids include
• Alanine Arginine
• Asparagine Aspartic Acid
• Cysteine Glutamic Acid
• Glutamine Glycine
• Proline Serine
• Tyrosine

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• The nine essential amino acids are called
  "essential" because you can't manufacture them,
  you have to eat proteins that contain those amino
  acids. Those essential amino acids include
• Histidine
• Isoleucine
• Leucine
• Lysine
• Methionine
• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Valine

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• Do you really need to worry about essential
  amino acids when you plan your daily meals?
• Not really. Animal sources of protein such as
  meat, eggs, and dairy products are "complete
  proteins." That means that each protein found in
  an animal product contains each of the nine
  essential amino acids

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• Vegetarians and vegans may need to pay a little
  more attention to the dietary proteins. Plant
  proteins are called "incomplete proteins."
• Each plant protein is missing at least one of
  the nine essential amino acids

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• Every amino acid is found in some type of plant,
  so you can combine different plant proteins to
  get all of the amino acids you need

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• Protein Functions in the Body
• There are many different proteins in your body,
  and they perform different functions.

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• Proteins functions include
• Contributing to enzyme activity that promotes
  chemical reactions in the body
• Signaling cells what to do and when to do it
• Transporting substances around the body
• Keeping fluids and pH balanced in the body

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• Serving as building blocks for hormone production
  
• Helping blood clot
• Promoting antibody activity that controls immune
  and allergy functions
• Serving as structural components that give our
  body parts their shapes

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• Protein Digestion and Metabolism
• The digestion of protein begins in the mouth
  with chewing. Chewing not only makes food easier
  to swallow, it also helps with digestion by
  chopping food up into smaller bits.
• Remember that it really is important to chew
  your food thoroughly don't gulp your food down
  in huge bites.

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• Protein digestion continues in the stomach with
  the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.
• Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into
  pepsin, which begins to break down the bonds
  between the amino acids.
• This process takes place while the muscles
  surrounding the stomach squeeze and squish the
  foods and stomach fluids together.

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• The next step occurs in the small intestine
  where the hydrochloric acid is neutralized with
  bicarbonates released from the pancreas.
• The pancreas also releases an enzyme called
  trypsin. Trypsin continues to break apart the
  amino acids, which are then absorbed into the
  blood stream.

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• Once in the bloodstream, the amino acids are
  carried to the cells in various parts of your
  body.
• Your body uses the individual amino acids that
  were broken down during digestion to build the
  proteins needed for the various functions

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• You may not think of protein as an energy
  source, but proteins do contribute calories to
  you diet.
• Each gram of protein you eat has four calories
• 15 to 20 of your daily calorie intake should
  come from protein

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• It isn't difficult to get enough protein in your
  diet.
• One chicken leg alone will provide you with
  about 30 grams of protein
• One salmon fillet has about 40 grams of protein
• A cup of oatmeal has six grams of protein
• A cup of asparagus even has two grams of protein

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• Since most people get enough protein from their
  diet, protein deficiency is rare in developed
  countries.
• In underdeveloped countries, protein deficiency
  is more common. Severe protein deficiency is
  called kwashiorkor. Children with kwashiorkor
  tend to have very thin arms and legs and large,
  distended bellies.
• Lack of protein can cause growth failure, loss
  of muscle mass, a depressed immune system, lung
  problems, heart problems, and death.