History of Online Journalism Download this presentation: journalism'ukings'caonlinehistory'ppt Janua

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History ofOnline JournalismDownload this
presentation journalism.ukings.ca/online/histor
y.pptJanuary 14, 2009
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1963

• Ted Nelson, Harvard sociology student
• Formulates the concept of hypertext

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1965

• Nelson, now a sociology prof at Vassar College in
  upstate New York
• Gives a lecture which is covered in the student
  newspaper. The first print reference of
  hypertext appears, Feb. 3, 1965

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1969

• ARPANET computer network created by the U.S.
  Defense Department
• The forerunner of todays Internet
• Their goal Design a computer network to
  withstand nuclear attack

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1969

• Decentralized system created under the basic
  assumption that parts of the network will fail
• Building the network this way lays the foundation
  for the Internet as a medium that is controlled
  by no single entity
• 1972 The organization in charge is now called
  DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
  Agency)

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1971
At the same time, a parallel technology

• The BBC files for a patent on Teledata, the
  first teletext system
• Called a "Rolodex in the sky

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1971
Teletext

• A loop of pages broadcast on TV
• Not interactive
• Service is limited to a few hundred available
  pages
• Slow

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1974

• The British Post Offices Research Laboratory
  demonstrates Viewdata (later Prestel) the
  first Videotext service
• Its truly interactive, supporting two-way
  communication
• You use your TV, hooked up to cable and a phone
  line
• You make entries using a keyboard, dedicated
  terminal or computer
• Menu-driven systems allow users to browse
• Better graphics than teletext even photo display.

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1974
Snapshot Three competing technologies
Videotext
Teletext
Computers

• Not interactive
• Slow
• But all you need is a TV and a decoder box

• Interactive
• You need cable TV and an expensive subscription

• Interactive
• Very expensive
• Poorly networked
• Almost no one has one

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1975

• Canada begins development of Telidon, an advanced
  videotext system. Goes into operation in 1979 and
  is considered a world leader with advanced
  graphics technology

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1975
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1981-82

• First computer-based
• online dial-up services
• emerge Eg.
• Compuserve
• The Source
• Prodigy

These are closed systems -- only subscribers
have access
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1983-1985

• 1983 Time Magazine names the computer Machine
  of the Year
• 1984 Apple introduces the Macintosh computer.
  Cost 2,495 US with built-in BW monitor. Within
  75 days, 50,000 are sold
• 1985 Worldwide 22 nations are said to be
  involved in videotext and teletext

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1986-1988

• 1986 Computers readily available in university
  computer labs, officesComputers becoming
  cheaper and more powerful first personal
  printers appear (7,000 US for an Apple
  LaserWriter)
• 1988 Internet Relay Chat (IRC, a forebearer to
  instant messaging) is developed by Finnish
  graduate student Jarkko OikarinenDARPA makes
  the Internet public

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1990

• Hypertext Markup Language is invented by Tim
  Berners-Lee, an Englishman, and colleagues at
  CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory

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1992

• July Lynx, a non-graphical Web and Gopher (FTP) 
  browser is released by the University of Kansas
• November There are 26 reasonably reliable
  servers exist on the World Wide Web, according to
  CERN

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1993

• August Mosaic, first graphical Web browser for
  Windows, is released by the University of
  Illinois. It causes the web to grow at a 341,634
  annual rate of service traffic

• Sept. 25 CompuServe, Prodigy and AOL have a
  combined 3.9 million U.S. subscribers

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1993

• October First journalism site on the Web is
  launched at the University of Florida. There now
  are about 200 web servers in the world
• Dec. 8 First article about the web appears in
  the New York Times

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1994

• Jan. 19 The first newspaper to regularly publish
  on the Web, the Palo Alto Weekly in California,
  begins twice-weekly postings of its full content
  
• April The Yahoo Internet index is started by
  Stanford PhD candidates David Filo and Jerry Yang
  

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1994

• Junethe first Canadian newspaper, the Halifax
  Daily Newsgoes online

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1995
April 19 Oklahoma City BombingThe first major
event in which people turn to the Internet for
current information
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1995

• May More than 150 news outlets in North America
  now have online editions
• October The Boston Globe launches Boston.com on
  the Web, a unique site bringing many local
  services together

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1997

• March 26 Heavens Gate SuicidesThe Internet
  becomes part of a major news story when members
  of the Heavens Gate cult create a website before
  committing suicide. Journalists point readers to
  their source material

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1997

• March False reports emerge online that TWA
  Flight 800, which crashes off Long Island in 1996
  was brought down by a U.S. navy missile
• The power of the medium becomes apparent as
  readers pressure investigators to reveal the
  truth

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1997

• The Smoking Gun debuts -- it publishes entire
  court documents and other primary sources online

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1997

• The Dallas Morning News online edition gets an
  exclusive that Timothy McVeigh has claimed
  responsibility for the Oklahoma City Bombing
• First time a mainstream news organization breaks
  a major story on its website -- not in its
  newspaper

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1998

• Jan. 19 -- Early reports of U.S. President
  Clintons involvement with White House intern
  Monica Lewinsky demonstrate how a small
  independent news site can seize a national news
  agenda

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1998

• A media frenzy follows in both the online and
  traditional press

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1998

• September Starr ReportA new relationship
  between politicians and the public Starr
  bypasses the press and distributes a major
  political document online first

Kenneth Starr
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2000

• Mainstream news sites begin to involve their
  audience
• Death of Pierre Trudeau Thousands of Canadians
  tell their stories on news websites

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2001

• Sept. 11Online news operations stumble

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2001

• then recover

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2003

• Classified listingsflee print ... and take
  money with them

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2003

• Canada.com moves to paid subscription model
• Breaking news is free
• Other content requires

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2003

• The dawn of citizen journalism
• Blogging software makes web publishing easy and
  eliminates the need to know HTML

• The Baghdad Blogger captivates the world

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2004

• Bloggers lead the way in forcing CBS to retract
  its story on George W. Bushs military service

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2004

• Bloggers beat the mainstream media to
  tsunami-ravaged South-East Asia

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2004

• bringing home the reality of the event with
  amateur video

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2005
Mainstream media starts harnessing user-generated
video
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2005
News sites rush to establish citizen communities
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2005
Major trend A growing number of news outlets
are chasing relatively static or even shrinking
audiences for news. One result of this is that
most sectors of the news media are losing
audience. The only sectors seeing general
audience growth today are online, ethnic and
alternative media.
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2006
Bloggers win protections in the U.S.
Katrina
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2006
and acceptance in Canada
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2006
Participatory journalism advocate Dan Gillmor
tries (and fails) to put his emerging philosophy
into practice
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2006

• Time Magazine Personof theYear

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2006

• More sites were becoming profitable but
  rivals on the Web that offer classified listings
  or aggregate other peoples work -- but produce
  very little journalistic content of their own --
  were continuing to steal revenues away. There
  still appears no clear path for transferring to
  this new medium all the wealth that has long
  financed journalism for the good of civil
  society.

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2007
Bloggers face greater legal scrutiny
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2007
Citizen media grows in importance
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2007
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2007
New attempts at models for citizen journalism
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2007
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2007
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2007

• Practicing journalism has become far more
  difficult and demands new vision. Journalism is
  becoming a smaller part of peoples information
  mix
• Journalists have reacted relatively slowly
  There are signs that government, corporations and
  activists have reacted more quickly. Politicians,
  interest groups and corporate public relations
  people tell us they have bloggers now on secret
  retainer and they are delighted with the
  results.

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2007

• The evidence is mounting that the news industry
  must become more aggressive about developing a
  new economic model. The signs are clearer that
  advertising works differently online than in
  older media. Finding out about goods and
  services on the Web is an activity unto itself,
  like using the yellow pages, and less a byproduct
  of getting news, such as seeing a car ad during a
  newscast. The consequence is that advertisers may
  not need journalism as they once did,
  particularly online.

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2007

• SeptemberJournalism sites move away from
  subscription-based news
• Advertising is seen as the only workable funding
  model

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2008

• As a category, news Web sites appear to be
  falling behind financially. They are not growing
  in advertising revenue as quickly as other kinds
  of Internet destinations. And these figures do
  not include the most important revenue source,
  search, where news is a relatively small
  player.The questions of who will pay and how
  they will do it seem more pressing than ever.

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2008
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2008