A Survey of Forwarding Strategies for WSN

1
A Survey of Forwarding Strategies for WSNs
Akshay Bhole Subhani Basha Peta Meena
Krishnappa CEN 5531 - Mobile Computing Fall
2006
2
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Supply Chain Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

3
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Supply Chain Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

4
Introduction
Motivation

• Search for efficient path from Source to Sink
• Traditional Methods
• Minimize Transmissions
• Maximize end-to-end delivery
• No focus on Energy Efficiency
• Energy Efficiency gives better Trade-off between
  Delivery Rate Required Energy

5
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Supply Chain Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

6
Traditional Methods

• Hop Based Forwarding
• Optimal Hop Based Forwarding
• PRR Based Forwarding
• MT Forwarding
• Er based Forwarding

7
Traditional Methods
Hop Based Forwarding

• Idea
• Establish reverse path using a hop counter
• Packets are forwarded along the reverse path
  with decreasing hop counters
• Drawback
• Neighboring nodes may have lossy links
• Neighboring node might be too far away
• Many retransmissions might be necessary

8
Traditional Methods
PRR Based Forwarding

• Idea
• Downgrade neighbor nodes having low hop counter
  and poor links
• Forwarding nodes selection based on
• Distance
• Link Quality
• Selection of best forwarder done by minimizing

9
Traditional Methods
MT Forwarding

• Idea
• Minimize the overall packet transmissions along
  the source-to-sink path.
• Drawback
• delivery rate not considered
• might not be the most energy-efficient
  forwarding strategy for
• Re-Transmissions ? 8

10
Traditional Methods
Er based Forwarding
Idea Focus on the end-to-end delivery rate and
attempts to maximize Eir Drawback Doesnt work
well with Multi-Link Forwarding Strategies
11
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Supply Chain Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

12
Energy Efficient Forwarding
Energy Efficient Forwarding

• Idea
• To find the most energy-efficient forwarding path
  in the network
• Types of Energy Efficient Forwarding Schemes
• Single Link
• Multi Link
• How is it done?
• Forwarding Set Identify Potential Forwarding
  nodes
• Node that maximizes Eieff is selected as the
  forwarder
• End-to-End reception rate and Energy is taken
  into account

13
Energy Efficient Forwarding
Comparison of Single-Link Multi-Link
Single Link Multi Link
Packets addressed to single forwarder Packets addressed to a set of Forwarding nodes
Less Reliable More reliable as it uses Multi path routing
Less Robust More robust fault tolerant
No need of using broadcast Uses Broadcast channel of the network
PRR depends on type and quality of neighboring node Better choice of PRR
14
Energy Efficient Forwarding
Traditional v/s EEF
Influence of Node Density
15
Energy Efficient Forwarding
Traditional v/s EEF
Influence of contention probabilities
16
Energy Efficient Forwarding
Traditional v/s EEF
Influence of receiving energy costs
17
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Supply Chain Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

18
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme

• Factors to be considered while designing routing
  protocols
• Energy Conservation
• Network Lifetime
• End-to-End Delivery Rate
• Do Shortest Path algorithms provide a good
  solution?

19
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
Energy Efficient Routing Algorithms

• LEAR(AODV) Local Energy Aware Routing based on
  AODV
• PAR(AODV) Power Aware Routing based on AODV
• LPR(AODV) Lifetime Prediction Routing based
  on AODV

20
Ad-hoc On-demand distance vector routing (AODV)
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
Do you have a route to destination?
21
Ad-hoc On-demand distance vector routing (AODV)
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
Reverse Path Established
22
LEAR AODV
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme

• Routing Metric Remaining Battery Life (Er)

Is Er gt ? ?
23
LEAR AODV
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme

• Routing Metric Remaining Battery Life (Er)

Reverse path Established
24
Experimental Results
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme

• Fixed Nodes

25
Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme

• Mobile Nodes

26
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Supply Chain Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

27
Supply Chain Forwarding
What is Supply chain ?
28
Supply Chain Scheme
Supply Chain Forwarding

• Different Strategies
• Push Strategies
• Pull Strategies
• Hybrid Strategies

29
Supply Chain Scheme
Modeling Sensor Networks as Supply Chain
Modeling Sensor Networks as Supply Chain
Items in Supply Chain Counterparts in Sensor Networks
Raw materials or parts Phenomena of Interest.
Suppliers or Manufactures Sensor nodes generating data
Transportation Network Intermediate Sensor nodes
Distributors Sink Nodes
Finished Product Data Processed by Sink Nodes
Consumers End users of the data offered by the sink node
30
Supply Chain Scheme
Routing Protocols
Data Diffusion Pull strategy
Spin Push Strategy
31
Supply Chain Scheme
System Model
32
Supply Chain Scheme
Parts of the Network
Manufacture Area Data
Collection Data Aggregation
Decision regarding the Forwarding
scheme Transport Area Zone Flooding
Scheme
33
Supply Chain Scheme
Parts of the Network
34
Supply Chain Scheme
Novel Features

• Sensor Field Partition is only conceptual
  and application dependent
• Different Forwarding Mechanisms
• Local Broadcasting in manufacture area
• Zone Flooding in Transportation area
• Unicast based routing in Warehouse area

35
Supply Chain Scheme
Benefits

• Scalable and flexible, and reduces the
  difficulty of designing a feasible overall
  routing scheme
• Zone flooding scheme attempts to improve the
  energy efficiency of flooding by restricting the
  flooding range in the spatial domain and further
  improve the energy efficiency in the temporal
  domain
• An energy-efficient cost metric can be used in
  the warehouse area to set up energy-efficient
  paths

36
Supply Chain Scheme
Evaluation Metrics

• Event Delivery Ratio (EDR)
• Normalized Energy Consumption
• End-to-End Delay
• Average routing overhead

37
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Energy Efficient Dissemination Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

38
Comparison
Comparison EEF Balanced Energy Consumption Supply Chain
Motive Maximize Energy Efficiency Maximize Lifetime Maximize Energy Efficiency
Flooding Forwarding set Broadcast to neighbors Zone Flooding
Fault Tolerance Multipath Routing Broadcasting Warehouse
Reliability External awake nodes Residual power levels Warehouse
39
Outline

• Introduction
• Traditional Forwarding Strategies
• Energy Efficient Forwarding Scheme
• Balanced Energy Consumption Scheme
• Energy Efficient Dissemination Scheme
• Comparison
• Conclusion

40
References
1. Energy-Efficient Forwarding Schemes for
Wireless Sensor Networks Marcel Busse, Thomas
Haenselmann, and Wolfgang Effelsberg Computer
Science IV - University of Mannheim,
Seminargebaude A5 -68159 Mannheim,
Germany WoWMoM06 2. A Comparison of
Lifetime-Efficient Forwarding Strategies for
Wireless Sensor Networks Marcel Busse, Thomas
Haenselmann, and Wolfgang Effelsberg Computer
Science IV, University of Mannheim
Seminargebaude A5, D-68159 Mannheim,
Germany PE-WASUN 06 3. A robust and
energy-efficient data dissemination framework for
wireless sensor networks Wei Liu Yanchao Zhang
Wenjing Lou Yuguang Fang Wireless Netw
(2006) 4. New Routing for Balanced Energy
Consumption in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks S.-M.
Senouci, France Telecom RD 2 Avenue Pierre
Marzin, 22307, Lannion, France M. Naimi
Department of Computer Science LICP EA 2175
University of Cergy-Pontoise, France PE-WASUN 05
41
Thank You!!