BI553 Nelson - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 75

About This Presentation

Title:

BI553 Nelson

Description:

BI553 Nelson – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:25

Avg rating:3.0/5.0

Slides: 76

Provided by: alanrpj

Category:

more less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: BI553 Nelson

1
(No Transcript)
2
Presentation

Review / Brief Summary of some basic concepts
Environmental Conditions The Niche.
Environmental Gradients and Plant Distribution.
Community Patterns.
Biomes.
Life Zones.
Ecoregions.
Missouri Natural Divisions.
A historic diversion
Nelsons Terrestrial Communities.

3
A Brief History

1977 Memorandum of Understanding DNR / MDC
(DoC)
1979 Missouri Natural Areas Committee
established
DNR, MDC, USFS, USFWS, TNC.
1980 Thom Wilson The Natural Divisions of
Missouri
1980 2002 Missouri Natural Features Inventory
(MDC)
Missouri Natural Heritage Database
1985 First Edition of Nelsons Terrestrial
Natural Communities of Missouri
1995 Baileys Ecoregions system - USFS employs
2002 Nigh and Schroeder The Atlas of Missouri
Ecoregions
2005 Second Edition of Nelsons Terrestrial
Natural Communities of Missouri

4
(No Transcript)
5
Fig 1 p. 4
Nelson 2005 Edition
6
Fig 5 p. 17
7
Carboniferous
http//members.socket.net/joschaper/geo.html
8
Geologic Time Periods
http//www.geo.ucalgary.ca/macrae/timescale/times
cale.html
9
http//www.dnr.mo.gov/geology/adm/publications/map
-SurfMap.pdf
10
Limestone
Igneous
Molten laval origin tend to be acidic but
variable

CaCO3
Limestone rocks are sedimentary rocks that are
made from the mineral calcite which came from the
beds of evaporated seas and lakes and from sea
animal shells.
Karst topography is a three-dimensional landscape
shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or
layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as
liemstone or dolomite. These landscapes display
distinctive surface features and underground
drainages, and in some examples there may be
little or no surface drainage. Some areas of
karst topography, such as southern Missouri and
northern Arkansas, are underlain by thousands of
caves.
Tend to be alkaline - basic

11
Dolomite

CaMg(CO3)2
Ditto alkaline

Chert

SiO2 - quartz commonest

Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly
of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most
sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar
- the most common minerals in Earths crust.
Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the
most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red,
gray and white.
12
Fig 21 p. 93
ALFISOLS Moist, moderately weathered mineral
soils forestENTISOLS Recent rock / sand
originINCEPTISOLS Young, weakly
weatheredMOLLISOLS well-developed, high
organic, prairiesULTISOLS weathered, warm,
moist, iron oxides, forest
13
Fig 23 p. 96
14
Fig 20 p. 92
15
Ozark Hills / Highlands Section

Steep dissected hills 900 relief.
Rolling hills 200-500 relief.
Plains lt 200 relief.
Karst topography sinkholes springs.
Soils
Largely Quaternary alluvium, loess bedrock
residuum.
Vegetation
Oak-hickory / oak-pine forest, woodland, savanna,
glade, bottomlands

16
Fig 20 p. 92
17
Central Dissected Till Plains Section

Level, gently rolling hills 165 relief.
Soils
Deep, fertile glacial loess till
Vegetation
Prairie, oak savanna woodlandbottomland
forest, woodland marsh

18
Fig 20 p. 92
19
Osage Plains Section

Tables cuestas (low hills), rolling plains 100
300 relief.
Soils
Often shallow, but fertile
Vegetation
Prairie, oak savanna, oak-hickory
woodlandsbottomland woodlands marshes

20
Fig 20 p. 92
21
Mississippi R. Alluvial Basin Section

Level, weakly dissected lt 100 relief.
Soils
Alluvial, moderately fertile
Vegetation
Mixed bottomland hardwood forest, acid seeps,
swamps, marshes, sand woodlands prairie

22
Fig 17 p. 65
23
p. 95
Increasing Water Availability
Community Types, Canopy Cover Water Availability
24
Fig 1 p. 4
Nelson 2005 Edition
25
TimelineCentral Dissected Till / Oasge Plains

Vegetation
Before 12,500Boreal Forest.
12,000 8,500
Open oak-hickorywoodland.
8,500 4,500Prairie expansion.
4,500 1,000 short grass ? long grass prairie.
1,000 200 Pre-European era.

Human Influence
N.A. settlement hunting.
Hunter-gatherers short-term settlement fire
widespread.
Ditto.
Longer-term settlementsplant domestication
fireincreases bottomland clearing.
Agriculture extensive fire.

26
TimelineCentral Dissected Till / Osage Plains

Vegetation
200-150Prairie - agriculture field conversion.
150 - 100
Conversion continues.
100 ? PresentRow crop fields most prairie
destroyed.

Human Influence
Settlement expands from MM corridor.
Intensive settlement Commercial agriculture.
Overgrazing Commercial agriculture exotic
invasions.

27
Presettlement Prairie
Schroeder WA 1982 Presettlement Prairie of
Missouri, MDC
28
Presettlement Prairie Southeast Missouri
East Prairie, Mississippi County
29
Timeline Ozark Highlands

Vegetation
Before 12,500Boreal Forest.
12,000 8,500
N mesic oak savannaSE oak ironwood woodland.
8,500 4,500Grassland intrusionoak-hickory
savanna.
4,500 1,000 short leaf pine intrusionSE
woodland/forestNW prairie/savanna
1,000 200 Pre-European era.

Human Influence
N.A. settlement hunting.
Hunter-gatherers short-term settlement fire
widespread.
Ditto.
Longer-term settlementsplant domestication
fireincreases bottomland clearing.
Agriculture extensive fire.

30
Timeline Ozark Highlands

Vegetation
200-150Savanna, woodlands,glades, and forests.
150 - 100
Deforestation.
100 ? PresentDeforestation completed second
growth appears.

Human Influence
Farmsteads in riparian areas lead-mining in NE.
Industrial logging charcoal production
overgrazing.
Commercial logging general farming mining
overgrazing.

31
p. 11
32
Historic Fire management
Fig 3, p. 10
N.A. managedfire frequency every 1 3 years
33
Ozark Forests

Forests develop under N.A. management fire use
extensive 1st Forests
European settlement ? logging
Fire suppression ? dense forests 2nd Forests
Logging
The lands nobody wanted 3rd Forests

34
Timeline Mississippi Lowlands

Vegetation
Before 12,500Boreal Forest.
12,000 8,500
Temperate deciduous forest sweetgum,
baldcypress, tupelo.
8,500 4,500S. species expand Hornbeam
declines swamp ? grassland.
4,500 1,000 Increased groundwater modern spp.
Appear.
1,000 200 Deforestation widespread.

Human Influence
N.A. settlement hunting.
Hunter-gatherers short-term settlement fire
widespread.
Ditto.
Longer-term settlementsplant domestication
fireincreases bottomland clearing.
Agriculture extensive fire.

35
Timeline Mississippi Lowlands

Vegetation
200-150Swamp, Bottomland forest woodlands.
150 - 100
Ditto
100 Deforestation swaps drained exotic
invasions rivers channelized.

Human Influence
Widely scattered farmsteads
Widespread farms logging begins
Industrial logging commercial agricultureovergr
azing.

36
Mississippi Lowlands

Bottomland Forests fire managed open
savanna-like.
European settlement ? logging.
Drainage and commercial logging.
Virtually no forest remains.

37
Southeast Missouri Bottomland Hardwood and
Swamp Forests once extended south
of CrowleysRidge toArkansas.
BOTSP
38
Forest distribution during early European
settlement.
39
Lowland depressions pond ? swamp forest.
40
Slightly higher - seasonally dryer elevations ?
wet bottomland hardwood forest.
41
Higher and dryer longer in growing season ?
wet-mesic bottomland hardwood forest.
42
Drainage in Southeast Missouri
43
By the turn of the 20th century, deforestation
was well underway
44
Drainage and deforestation were almost complete
by end 20th century. BOTSPis a minute remnant.
45
TOTAL FOREST HABITAT LOSSES (1000s acres)

Before 1870 300
State and Federal Swamp Acts
1870-1890 250
Lumber railroads
1890-1900 160
Ag drainage
1900-1910 270 Little River Drainage Dist
1910-1920 325 Lumbering
1920-1930 209
Cotton Production

46
TOTAL FOREST HABITAT LOSSES (1000s acres)
1930-1940 133 Cotton Production/Depression.
1940-1950 216 WWII Ag subsidy/ Govt.
assisted drainage, soybeans. 1950-1960
61 Mechanization, large farm equip,
expanding ag., soybeans. 1960-1970 237 La
rger farm equip. expanding ag. market, pop.
Increase. 1970-75 132 Larger farms and
fields, larger equipment, higher soybean prices.
47
From Crowleys Ridge south, the Missouri
lowlands were once covered by 2 million acres
of bottomland hardwood and swamp forest.
Mississippi River
CrowleysRidge
Southeast Missourilowlands
48
Successfully drained, the region is now
cropland, displayinglittle evidence of its
previous forested glory.
49
Forested patchesare few, small, and far between.
50
Successful ditching and draining means that
irrigation is now necessary in Southeast
Missouri
51
Flooding in Southeast Missouri

Below Crowleys Ridge flooding was historically a
common (annual) event.
Snowmelt and spring rains upstream, enhanced by
the water flow that deforestation of riverside
uplands causes, produced river swelling over the
floodplain.
By constricting the river from floodplains,
upstream levee construction increased the volume
of floodwater passing Southeast Missouri
enhancing flooding in this area.

52
FLOODING
Rains

A- Headwater Flooding
Watershed rainfall causes gravity water flow and
riverbank overflow

B- Backwater flooding
Water flows quietly back into side-rivers from
adjacent swollen river.

53
FLOODING
C- Puddling
54
Prior to Levee Construction

Annual regional Headwater flooding from swollen
Mississippi River carried silt and nutrients to
support floodplain wetland vegetation.
Annual local Headwater flooding draining
Southeast Missouri flowed through the area
elevating water levels.
Annual Backwater flooding from swollen
Mississippi River carried silt and nutrients to
support floodplain wetland vegetation.
Puddling from local rainfall accumulated in
depressions in floodplain.

55
After to Levee Construction

Annual regional Headwater flooding from swollen
Mississippi River carries silt and nutrients to
support floodplain wetland vegetation.
Annual local Headwater flooding draining
Southeast Missouri flows through the area
elevating water levels.
Annual Backwater flooding from swollen
Mississippi River carries silt and nutrients to
support floodplain wetland vegetation.
Puddling from local rainfall accumulates in
depressions in floodplain.

56
During late Winter and Spring, the lowlands are
frequently flooded by local headwater flooding
from the surrounding area and puddling in
depressions, with backwater flooding from a
swollen M.R.
57
The floods are drained from the fields by small
ditches, from which the water flowsinto larger
ditches, and then to.
58
larger drainage ditches in St Johns Basin and
thence to Saint Johns Bayou
59
which passes through the set-back levee east of
New Madrid into the Mississippi River.
St. Johns Basin
St. Johns Bayou
Set-back levee
60
Fate of Missouri Natural Communities
Table 5 p. 70
61
Threats to Natural Missouri
Table 4 p. 67
Overgrazing LoggingInvasive spp. DrainageFire
suppressionUnnatural succession Agr. RunoffAgr.
ConversionVandalism MiningUrbanizationLakes
62
Management ofMissouri Natural Areas
Table 6 p. 71
63
p. 68
Big Oak Tree State Park, Mississippi County
64
Nelsons System