National School on Neutron and XRay Scattering

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National School on Neutron and X-Ray
Scattering Oak Ridge and Argonne
National Laboratories September
24 through October 11, 2008 Fundamentals of
X-Ray and Neutron Reflectometry
(Figure courtesy of N.F.Berk)?
C.F.Majkrzak, NIST Center for Neutron
Research,
Gaithersburg, MD
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gt The great success in using neutron
reflection/diffraction to study thin film systems
of hard condensed matter, in particular the
structures and fundamental interactions in
magnetic materials, is largely due to the ability
to tailor, with atomic-layer accuracy and
precision, single-crystalline, layered sandwiches
and superlattices (using vapor deposition
techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy in
ultra-high vacuum). Advances in film deposition
techniques and lithography continue at a
remarkable rate. gt Similarly, neutron
reflectometry in principle can be applied as a
probe to further our understanding of the
structure and function of molecules in lipid
membranes, of relevance in biology and
bioengineering, when comparable control over the
fabrication of model systems is achieved. Great
progress has been made toward realizing this goal
in practice. However, we are still at a
relatively early stage of development in our
ability to engineer soft condensed matter films
on atomic and nanometer scales. Progress can be
expected as efforts in creating and manipulating
membrane / molecular systems accelerates. gt
Employing phase-sensitive methods in reflectivity
measurements ensures a unique scattering length
density (SLD) depth profile. Additional
application of hydrogen / deuterium substitution
techniques and comparison with molecular dynamics
calculations assures a correspondingly high
degree of certainty of obtaining an unambiguous
chemical composition depth profile.
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Blood cells, 2000 x magnification, scanning
electron microscope, www.uq.edu.au.
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Single slit monochromatic light diffraction
Maleki/Newman at www1.union.edu.
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Water wave diffracting through a double aperture
(from left to right) B.Crowell, Light and
Matter, www.vias.org/physics.
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(physics.fortlewis.edu)?
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M.W.Davidson and M.Abramowitz, micro.magnet.fsu.ed
u.
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Wave interference patterns produced by
monochromatic laser light diffracting through a
triple slit aperture for various intensities
L.Page (www.vias.org/physics). This is
a dramatic illustration of wave-particle duality.
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Diblock copolymer lamellar nanostructures
R.Jones, B.Berry, and K.Yager (NIST Polymer
Division) and S.Satija, J.Dura, B.Maranville et
al. (NCNR).
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Neutron diffraction from silicon with channels
but without polymer.
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Neutron diffraction from Si channels filled with
ordered diblock copolymer.
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Structural Investigations of Membranes in
Biology by Neutron Reflectometry, C.F.Majkrzak,
N.F.Berk, S.Krueger, and U.A.Perez-Salas, Chapter
12 in Neutron Scattering in Biology, Edited by
J.Fitter, T.Gutberlet, and J.Katsaras, (Springer,
Berlin, 2006) p.225-263. Polarized Neutron
Reflectometry, C.F.Majkrzak, K.V.O'Donovan, and
N.F.Berk, Chapter 9 in Neutron Scattering from
Magnetic Materials, Edited by T.Chatterji,
(Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006) p.397-471. Phase-Sen
sitive Neutron Reflectometry, C.F.Majkrzak,
N.F.Berk, and U.A.Perez-Salas, Langmuir 19, 7796
7810 (2003).