TAXONOMY

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TAXONOMY

• NAMING AND CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS

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Binomial Naming System

• Genus species
• Genus species
• G. species
• G. species
• Example Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• Devised by Linneaus - binomial nomenclature

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Classification

• Organisms used to be grouped into 5 major
  kingdoms
• 1. Prokaryotae (Monera)
• 2. Protista
• 3. Mycetae (Fungi)
• 4. Plantae
• 5. Animalia

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Classification Update

• Current texts are now using a 6 kingdom approach
• Kingdom Monera is subdivided into two kingdoms
• - Archaebacteria
• - Eubacteria

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Classification Systemdevised by Linnaeus

• Kingdoms subdivided into increasingly similar
  hierarchy groups
• -Phylum (phyla, plural) for animals and animal
  like organisms OR
• -Division for plant and plant like organisms

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Classification Systems

• Phyla and Divisions are subdivided into Classes
• Classes are subdivided into Orders
• Orders are subdivided into Families
• Families are subdivided into Genera (genus,
  singular)
• Genera are divided into species

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Classification System

• KingdomgtPhylum or Divisiongt ClassgtOrdergtFamilygtGen
  usgt species
• Keep putting clothes on for goodness sake!

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Classification of humans(Homo sapiens)

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• species sapiens

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Classification Criteria

• Cell type (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic)
• Cell number (unicellular or multicellular)
• Cell wall (present or absent)
• Nutritional Mode Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or
  Heterotrophic (unable to make food)

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Classification of Kingdom Bacteria (Old Monera)

• prokaryotic
• unicellular organisms
• Bacteria (eubacteria)
• cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae)
• 3 Major shapes
• Bacillus or rod shape
• Coccus or spherical
• Spiral

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Classification of Bacteria (Old Monera)

• prokaryotic
• unicellular organisms
• Bacteria (eubacteria)
• cyanobacteria

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Kingdom Bacteria (Eubacteria)Bacteria growing on
Petri Dish
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Kingdom Prokaryotae3 Major Shapes of Bacteria
Spiral
Bacillus
Cocci
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Kingdom Archeabacteria

• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Cell walls
• Can withstand extreme growth conditions
• Thermophiles
• Halophiles
• Methanogens

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Classification of Protista

• eukaryotic
• single cell organisms
• both plant like and animal like unicells
• both photosynthetic and heterotrophic
• protozoa
• algae

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SEMs of Fossil Diatoms
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Kingdom Protista AlgaeViewed with Light
microscope
Diatoms
Spiral
Dinoflagellates
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Kingdom Protista Protozoa
Two protozoa that cause human disease Trichomonas
vaginalis Giardia lamblia
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Trypanosoma protozoa in a blood smear (African
Sleeping Sickness)
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Classification of Mycetae (Fungi)

• Eukaryotic
• Usually multicellular
• Often filamentous
• Cell walls of chitin
• Heterotrophic
• absorb extracellular,
• predigested food
• mushrooms, yeast, molds

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Kingdom Mycetae (Fungi)
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Kingdom Mycetae (Fungi)

• Yeast cells
• Bread making
• Alcoholic beverages

Yeast Cells
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Classification of Plantae

• eukaryotic
• multicellular
• cell walls of cellulose
• photosynthetic
• green plants (grass, flowers, trees)

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Kingdom Plantae
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Classification of Animalia

• eukaryotic
• multicellular
• no cell walls
• heterotrophic
• humans, dogs, jellyfish, insects

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Kingdom Animalia
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TAXONOMIC KEY

• Used to identify an organism
• Usually a two choice system called a DICHOTOMOUS
  KEY
• User chooses between two contrasting alternatives
  to arrive at the name of an organism