Institutional Programs

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Chapter 14

• Institutional Programs

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Institutional Programs

• Managing
• Constraints of Security
• The Principle of Least Eligibility
• Classification
• The Classification Process
• Objective Classification Systems
• Rehabilitative Programs
• Psychological Programs
• Behavior Therapy
• Social Therapy
• Educational and Vocational Programs
• Substance Abuse Programs
• Religious Programs
• The Rediscovery of Correctional Rehabilitation

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Institutional Programs Cont.

• Prison Medical Services
• Prison Industry
• The Contract labor, Piece Price, and Lease
  Systems
• The Public Account System
• The State-Use System
• The Public Works and Ways System
• Prison Industry Today
• Prison Maintenance Programs
• Prison Recreational Programs
• Prison Programming Reconsidered

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Prison program

• any formal, structured activity that takes
  prisoners out of their cells and sets them to
  instrumental tasks

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Principle of least eligibility

• the doctrine that prisoners ought to receive no
  goods or services in excess of those available to
  people who have lived within the law

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Benefits of institutional programs

• help manage time
• improve inmates lives
• improve likelihood of parole
• reduce inmate boredom, tension, hostility
• maintain safety and security of prison
• produce goods services
• keep prison functional and operating
• offer incentives for good inmate behavior
• keep prison time from becoming dead time

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5 types of prison programs
rehabilitative programs increase likelihood
inmates will lead a crime-free life upon release
recreational programs provide organized social,
physical, intellectual leisure activities
medical programs provide medical services to
inmates
industrial programs production of sellable goods
services outside prison, in free market
maintenance programs provide services essential
to upkeep operation of prison
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Factors limiting potential prison programs

• security
• need to minimize ability of inmates to obtain
  weapons or contraband
• also limits potential effectiveness of some
  programs (e.g., group therapy) which require
  meaningful inmate interaction
• principle of least eligibility
• prisoners cant have it better than citizens
• e.g., elimination of inmate Pell grants (college)
• classification
• risk of escape, violence, future criminality

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classification

• a process by which prisoners are assigned to
  types of custody (i.e., specific prisons, as well
  as the level of supervision within a prison), and
  treatment programs
• classification determines
• which prison inmate is sent to
• housing assignment
• work assignment
• availability of treatment programs
• amount of good time available (e.g., Colorado)

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conflicting concerns in classification process
offender RISK
offender NEEDS
testing diagnostics to determine
factors 1.) Age 2.) Offense severity 3.) Prior
prison record dangerousness
factors batteries of tests psychiatric
evals counseling
Management tool to group inmates appropriately
Diagnostic tool to identify inmate treatment
needs
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new objective classification systems
predictive models use statistical techniques to
identify classification factors
equity-based models use explicitly defined legal
variables as classification factors
alternative systems which seek to remove
subjective judgments by classifier

• risk of escape
• risk of misconduct
• risk of future crime

• offense
• various criminal characteristics

1. each factor is assigned points. 2. total
points defines security level
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rehabilitative programs
psychological
religious
to reform offenders behavior
substance abuse
behavioral
educational vocational
social
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psychotherapy

• in general terms, all forms of treatment of the
  mind, i.e., in which therapy address the
  individuals thoughts and emotions in the prison
  setting, these therapies are coercive in nature.
• most experts agree that mental abnormalities play
  an insignificant role in criminality of most
  offenders.

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Myths in Corrections

• The Myth Judges should send people to prison to
  get rehabilitation programs.
• The Reality Rehabilitation programs offered in
  the community are twice as effective at reducing
  recidivism as those same programs offered in
  prison. (See Figure 14.1 Programs in Prison vs.
  the Community)

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coercive therapy

• treatment in which the therapist determines the
  need for (and the goals of) treatment processes,
  whether or not the client agrees

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group treatment

• therapy for which the setting is a group of
  individuals who are seen as having the same or
  similar problems or needs designed to be highly
  interactive, often confrontational, as members of
  the group comprise essential elements of the
  therapy

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types of group therapy used in prison
reality therapy
transactional analysis
therapies focusing on thought processes
confrontational therapy (a technique)
cognitive skill building
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reality therapy

• treatment emphasizing an offenders personal
  responsibility for actions and the very real
  consequences of their actions - for themselves
  and others
• aim get individual to behave more responsibly

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confrontational therapy

• a treatment technique, usually used in a group,
  that vividly brings offender face to face with
  consequences of the crimes for victim society
• group members encouraged to confront each others
  rationalizations and manipulations
• aim get offenders to give up manipulative
  rationalizations and accept responsibility for
  harms they caused

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transactional analysis

• treatment focusing on how a person interacts with
  others, focusing on patterns that indicate
  personal problems
• focus is on roles people play 3 ego states
• parent judging and controlling
• adult mature, realistic, and ethical
• child playful, dependent, naughty
• aim help offenders realize their problems stem
  from approaching world as an angry parent or weak
  child, rather than as a responsible adult

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cognitive skill building

• a form of behavior therapy focusing on changing
  the thinking reasoning patterns that accompany
  criminal behavior
• also called cognitive restructuring
• belief is that offenders develop antisocial
  patterns of reasoning that make them believe
  criminal behavior makes sense
• aim to teach offenders new ways to think about
  themselves and their actions

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behavior therapy

• treatment that induces new behaviors through
  reinforcements (rewards punishments), role
  modeling, etc.
• belief crime is not so much a product of the
  makeup of the individual as it is his/her
  responses to problems in the environment
• belief behavior is learned
• aim change persons behavior (not persons mind
  or emotions) by manipulating payoffs
• target of behavior change not criminality, but
  problem behaviors surrounding criminal
  lifestyle--verbal manipulation, rationalization,
  anger control, frustration, deficient social
  skills

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token economy

• a type of behavior therapy that uses payments
  (such as tokens) to reinforce desirable behaviors
  in an institutional environment
• certain benefits (e.g., TV, privileges, free
  time) must be purchased with tokens
• offender receives tokens as rewards for
  appropriate behavior and task completion

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social therapy milieu therapy / positive
peer culture

• treatment that attempts to make the institutional
  environment supportive of prosocial attitudes
  behaviors
• beliefs
• offenders learn lawbreaking values behaviors in
  social settings from peers to whom they attach
  importance
• true change occurs when offenders take
  responsibility for social climate in which they
  live
• aims
• develop prosocial environment within prison to
  help offender develop noncriminal ways of coping
• make prison operations more democratic
• develop inmate culture that promotes law-abiding
  lifestyle ?

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social therapy (contd)

• requirements
• institutional practices democratic, ?
  bureaucratic
• programs must focus on treatment, not custody
• humanitarian concerns gt institutional routines
• flexibility gt rigidity

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vocationalrehabilitation

• prison programming designed to teach inmates
  cognitive vocational skills to help them find
  keep employment on release
• education
• gt200,000 inmates participate
• ABE (Adult Basic Education)
• GED (General Equivalency Diploma)
• college Pell grants no longer available to
  prisoners
• vocational training
• irrelevant skills obsolete equipment
• inmates lack skills to get keep job
• punctuality, accountability, deference to
  supervisors, cordiality to co-workers, how to
  find a job, do interview

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civil disabilities

• legal restrictions that prevent released felons
  from voting, holding elective office, engaging in
  certain professions occupations, associating
  with known offenders
• 6,000 occupations are licensed in ? 1 states
• barred occupations include (in some states)
• nurse, barber, beautician, real estate,
  chauffeur, cashier, insurance salesman,
  stenographer, worker where alcoholic beverages
  are sold

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prison industry programs
public works ways system
contract labor system
teach job skills produce goods services
lease system
piece price
public account system
state use system
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contract labor system

• the type of system under which inmates labor was
  sold on a contractual basis to private employers,
  who provided the machinery and raw materials,
  with which inmates made salable products, either
  inside or outside of the institution, to be sold
  on the open market

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piece price system

• a contract labor system under which a contractor
  provided raw materials and agreed to purchase
  goods (made by prison inmates) at a
  pre-established price
• tended to be extremely exploitative, as inmates
  often worked in sweatshops, returning to prison
  at night

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lease system

• another contract labor system which is a
  variation on the piece price system in which the
  contractor maintained the prisoners (often
  outside of the institution), providing them with
  food and clothing, in addition to providing the
  raw materials for the work performed.
• inmates were often required to work 12 to 16
  hours at a stretch.
• In some southern states, prisoners were leased to
  agricultural producers to perform field labor.

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leading causes of State prisoner deaths, 2001-04
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public account system

• a labor system under which a prison bought
  machinery and raw materials with which prison
  inmates manufactured a salable product
• 1909 Oklahoma led the way, in twine industry
• Minnesota, Wisconsin followed
• Okla. defrayed 2/3 cost of prison operations
• corruption ended the practice

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state use system

• a labor system under which goods and services
  produced by prison labor inside the institution
  are purchased exclusively by state agencies and
  tax-supported institutions such goods never
  enter the free market
• currently, the most common form of prison
  industry
• e.g., California

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public works ways system

• a labor system under which prison inmates work on
  public construction and maintenance projects
  (e.g., filling potholes, building repairing
  buildings bridges, working in the community on
  various projects), for which the institution
  receives a fee

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evolution of prison industry

• private use of inmate labor vanishes 1885-1940
• exploitative
• reminiscent of plantation slavery
• labor movement laws restrict sale of prison
  goods
• 1929 Hawes-Cooper Act
• bans prison-made goods from interstate commerce
• by 1940 all states ban imports of prison goods
• WWII FDR demands prison goods for war effort
• Truman revokes FDR order
• 1973 report few inmates have productive work-
  National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice
  Standards and Goals
• ?

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prison industry (contd)

• 1979 support for prison labor returns
• Congress lifts restrictions on sale of prison
  goods
• Free Venture program (LEAA)- funds 7 states
• develop industries with following requirements
• full work week for inmates
• wages based on productivity
• productivity standards from private sector
• industry-not prison-staff to hire fire inmates
• self-sufficient or profitable operations
• postrelease job placement mechanism
• 1994 16 states in Free Venture program

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substance abuse programs

• crime-drug abuse link is strong!
• 50-80 arrestees test positive for drugs
• 50-75 of them need drug treatment
• 1993 1.1 mill. offenders in drug/alcoh trtmt
• treatment difficult high failure rate
• elements of successful treatment programs
• occur in phases (residential phase 6-12 mo.)
• participants earn privileges in therapeutic
  setting
• use multiple treatment modalities
• residential staff community officials closely
  coordinate plans for release
• treatment continues after release (group therapy,
  drug testing)

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Prison Blues sportswear Eastern Oregon
Correctional Institution

• produced by inmates for the general public
• inmates earn prevailing industry wage
• Prison Blues managed by Unigroup Corp.

• 85 of wage deducted for
• victim restitution
• child support
• incarceration costs
• court costs
• taxes

• 15 of wage available for
• canteen
• voluntary family support
• savings (available at release)

MADE ON THE INSIDE TO BE WORN ON THE
OUTSIDE logo of Prison Blues
http//prisonblues.com
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Prison maintenance programs
fire dept.
clerical, records
mail
electrical
Maintain operate prison
janitorial
plumbing
food service
laundry
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prison recreation programs
sports
hobby shop
reform offender behavior
journalism
weight training
drama
music