Potato Cultivar Development Initiatives in Colorado

1
Potato Cultivar DevelopmentInitiatives in
Colorado
2
Potato Cultivar DevelopmentInitiatives in
Colorado

• David G. Holm
• Robert D. Davidson
• Samuel Y. C. Essah
• Cecil Stushnoff
• Jorge M. Vivanco

3
Purpose of Presentation

• Review the potato cultivar development process
• Summarize current and planned research activities
  by Colorado State University faculty in the area
  of potato cultivar development.

4
Collaborations

• The long-term process of cultivar development
  fosters collaborations among growers, shippers,
  processors, researchers, and extension personnel.

5
Cooperation
6
Collaborations - CSU

• Potato Breeding and Selection
• David Holm
• Disease Screening/Evaluation
• Rob Davidson, Rick Zink
• Cultivar Specific Management Profiles
• Samuel Essah
• Physiology
• Jorge Vivanco, Cecil Stushnoff

7
Collaborations - CSU

• Potato Certification Service
• Cooperative Extension
• Jerry Alldredge

8
Collaborations

• CCPGA
• Growers
• Sixteen universities or federal agencies

9
Collaborations

• USDA-ARS Aberdeen, ID Prosser, WA
• University of California
• University of Idaho
• New Mexico State University
• Oregon State University
• Texas AM University
• Washington State University

10
Cultivar Development

• Produce segregating populations.
• Identify superior progeny and evaluate for
  economically important characteristics.
• Develop cultivar specific management profiles.
• Market development.

11
Cultivar Development

• Potato cultivar development is a long-term
  process.
• This underscores the impact that current research
  management decisions have on the future of
  cultivar development.

12
David Holm
13
Mission Statement

• The mission of the Colorado Potato Breeding
  and Selection Program is to develop cultivars
  with characteristics that will help assure that
  the Colorado potato industry remains productive
  and competitive.

14
Primary Objectives

• Develop new potato cultivars
• Increased yield
• Resistance to disease and pests
• Tolerance to environmental stresses
• Provide a basic seed source to growers
• Seed increase
• Commercial testing
• Evaluate promising selections for potential seed
  export (interstate and international)

COL00712
15
Research Initiatives

• Disease resistance
• PVY
• Late blight
• Powdery scab
• Postharvest diseases
• Food safety/health benefits
• Marketing
• Distinctive cultivars
• Niche markets
• New markets
• Consumer recognition

16
Research Initiatives

• Selection protocol
• Fresh market quality
• Processing quality
• Postharvest quality
• Consumer characteristics (flavor, etc.)
• Cultural requirements - low input
• Expanded germplasm base for disease resistance
  and other characteristics of importance

17
Potato Breeding
18
Generalized Potato Selection Scheme
19
Generalized Potato Selection Scheme
20
Rob Davidson
21
Disease Screening and Evaluation
22
Why Screen Cultivars for Diseases?

• Predictability of seed performance
• Effective management of specific diseases/pests
• Development of cultivar management guidelines
• Reasonable uniformity between seed producers
• Better understanding of producers needs as
  related to production factors and marketing
• Evaluation of risk potential for hidden problems
  or disease reactions

23
Growers Evaluation From Disease Perspective

• Niche for new cultivar
• Does cultivar fit within growers production
  scheme
• Can grower handle cultivars potential disease
  problems
• Does a consistent supply of high quality
  certified seed at appropriate cost level exist
• What are the risks and potential impact from
  diseases on yield, grade, etc.

24
Disease/pest Screening

• Bacterial ring rot
• Potato leafroll virus PVY and strains (PVYN
  NTN)
• Powdery scab
• Late Blight
• Storage rots (Fusarium, Erwinia, Alternaria,
  etc.)
• Other diseases as seen during evaluation process
• Incorporated into cultivar management guidelines
  with other critical factors

25
Cultivar Characteristics

• Will disease express in cultivar, timing, type
  of symptoms, ability to rogue, etc.

26
Potato Viruses
PVY Mosaic
Potato Leafroll
27
Bacterial Diseases
Blackleg
Bacterial Ring Rot
28
Fungal Diseases
Early Blight
Late Blight
29
Storage Rots Fusarium, Erwinia, Alternaria, etc.
Early Blight Tuber Decay
Tuber bruising/wounding - role in disease spread,
severity, grade impact, etc.
30
Where should the line be drawn in regards to
evaluation and testing?

• Diseases that do not demonstrate significant
  losses from year to year (i.e., Rhizoctonia, PVS,
  etc.)
• Diseases or problems which occur on an infrequent
  basis and may or may not impact quality/grade
  (i.e., physiological pinking of
  flesh, air checks, etc.)
• Diseases which currently do not occur in
  Colorado, but may at some later date? (PMTV,
  other viruses, etc.)

31
Disease Management Strategies

• Cultivar resistance
• Certified seed use of high quality, low disease
  seed
• All certified seed planted within production
  region
• Chemicals
• Modified production practices improved
  sanitation
• Ideal environment for growth or low insect
  pressure or just plain lucky!

32
Summary

• Develop list of most critical diseases for
  evaluation impact of seed borne vs. soil
  borne inoculum
• Work toward improved disease screening systems
  for earlier evaluation
• Increased use of cultivar management information
  by growers with better understanding of disease
  risks
• Work with local industry to control critical
  disease problems Control what you can control!
• Develop best management practices

33
Samuel Essah
34
Cultural Management, Physiology and Storage

• Develop cultivar specific management
• profiles for advanced selections and new
• potato cultivars
• Green-sprout Minitubers
• Potato Storage Research

35
Cultural Management Studies

• A minimum of TWO years data on advanced clones
  before released to growers.
• FIRST YEAR
• 4 N rates 0, 80, 120,160 lb. N/ac.
• 3 Harvest dates 90, 105, 120 DAP.
• Screen for metribuzin tolerance
• (PRE POST).

36
Cult. Mgt. Stud. (Cont.)Data Collection

• In-season
• a) Herbicide injury 2 wks. after POST.
• b) Petiole NO-3-N concentration at 3
• growth stages.
• c) Vine maturity at vine kill.

37
Cult. Mgt. Stud. (Cont.)

• End of Season
• Yield Data
• a) Total yield b) lt 4 oz c) US1 (4-12 oz)
• c) US1 (gt 12 oz) d) US2 (gt 4 oz)
• e) marketable yield f) Culls (gt 4 oz)
• Tuber Quality
• a) Sunburn b) Hollow Heart c) Brown Ctr.
• d) Knobs e) Growth Cracks f) Misshapes.
• Shatter Bruise Test
• Specific Gravity

38
Cultivar Specific ManagementInformation Expected

• Optimum N application rate.
• In-row Spacing.
• Planting depth.
• Appropriate time of vine kill/Harvest.
• Susceptibility to metribuzin
• Other Related Information.
• N Use Efficiency
• Tuber Yield Performance
• Tuber Quality

39
2nd Year (Graduates from 1st Year)

• Specific management studies to confirm
• Cultivar specific management practices
• To be recommended to growers.
• EXAMPLES
• Fertility studies (N rates).
• Vine killing date/Harvest date.
• Time interval between vine kill and harvest.
• Within-row spacing.
• Precutting seed vrs. whole seed.

40
Specific Mgt. Studs. (Cont.)

• Warming seed vrs. fresh seed to enhance stands.
• Effect of seed size.
• N Use Efficiency
• Light Use Efficiency
• Photosynthetic ability (Leaf chlorophyll)
• Dry matter accumulation and partitioning into
  tubers.

41
Green Sprouting Minitubers(Clones with long
dormancy characteristics)
42
Non-Sprouted vs. Green Sprouted
43
POTATO STORAGE RESEARCH

• OBJECTIVES
• Determine the effect of storage temp. and
  humidity variables on storage life of existing
  and new potato cultivars.
• Optimize storage temperature and humidity for
  retention of color in Red skin potatoes.

44
Sutton BridgeExperimental Unit
45
Sutton BridgeExperimental Unit
46
Sutton BridgeExperimental Unit
47
Cecil Stushnoff
48
Storage Profiles and Nutritional Characteristics
of Colorado Potatoes

• Cecil Stushnoff
• Dept. of Horticulture Landscape Architecture
• Colorado State University, Fort Collins
• San Luis Valley Potato/Grain Conference
• Feb. 11, 2003

49
Storage Profiles

• Storage potential varies among cultivars
• Cultivar storage profiles can help optimize
  management marketing
• Impact on processing quality?
• Future of sprout inhibitors?
• Organic marketing requirements?

50
Research Goals

• Determine tuber dormancy without sprout
  inhibition
• Test storage temps (34, 36, 38 40,40F)
• Examine production of soluble sugars at each
  temperature
• Determine weight loss

51
Russet Norkotah 8
52
Dormancy Release
53
Reducing Sugars per Cultivar
54
Cherry Red
55
Free Radicals vs Antioxidants

• Antioxidants compounds that protect against
  harmful effects of free radicals.
• May protect against cancer heart diseases by
  scavenging free radicals.
• Synthetic antioxidants (BHT) protect packaged
  foods.
• Biological antioxidants some enzymes,
  carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics,
  vitamins(CE).

56
Free Radicals vs Antioxidants

• Micronutrients such as Se promote antioxidant
  activity, while Fe and Mn confer pro-oxidant
  activity e.g. Fenton reaction
• Fe2 H2O2 Fe3 OH- OH
• Hydroxyl radical (OH) reacts with DNA, proteins,
  and lipids.

57
Wilson et al., (2001)
58
Potato Antioxidants

• Largely phenolic based compounds
• Sparse data on levels in potato
• Our data show colored flesh cultivars are up to
  5xs higher

59
Assays

• - Total phenolics
• (measure blue color as phenolic compounds react
  with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent)
• - ABTS
• (measure capacity of antioxidants to scavenge a
  blue-green ABTS radical cation-activity is
  compared to Trolox, Vitamin E equivalent).

60
Goals

• To assess antioxidant properties of potato
  cultivars .
• To assist the Colorado potato breeding program to
  improve nutritional status of CO potatoes.
• To add value to CO grown potatoes

61
(No Transcript)
62
R. Nugget Chipeta Y. Gold
Platte Poudre R. Norkotah
Phenolics(µg/gfw)
9.8 9.5 12.6 22.8
31.8 20.2
111.4 117.4 156.7 519.4
846.7 180.4
ABTS (TEAC/100 gfw)
Fox IC50 gfw/ml intralipid
115.0 152.5 258.0 181.5
138.5 457.0
TRAP (TEAC/100 gfw)
208 231 165 633
739 172
63
(No Transcript)
64
Juma Al-Abaidanis project

• Examine genotype x environment interaction (7
  cultivars 5 CO locations)
• Examine the effect of storage temperatures on
  antioxidant status
• Examine antioxidant heat stability

65
Cultivars

• - Russet Burbank (russet skin/white flesh)
• - Russet Norkotah.
• - Russet Nugget.
• - Chipeta.
• - Yukon Gold.
• -CO 94165 (P/P).
• -CO 94183 (R/R).

66
Environmental study

• San Luis Valley Ideal climate
• Powder Horn Short, cool season
• Delta. High plains, hot d/cool
  n
• Weld county High plains, hot d/cool n
• Arkansas valley Hot days/warm n

67
Heat Stability

• Cultivars Selections (72 in 2002/03)
• Russet/white
• Red/ Red.
• Purple/ Purple.
• Yellow/ Yellow.
• Treatments
• - Fresh (control).
• - Boil (100 C/ 30 min.).
• - Bake (177 C/1 hr.).
• - Microwave (5 min.).

68
Acrylamide Concern!

• Asparagine glucose heat acrlyamide (a
  probable carcinogen)
• Asparagine is the predominant amino acid in
  potato
• Glucose forms during cold storage
• Need to know how cultivars vary in content and
  identify low high types

69
Water Soluble Vitamins

• HPLC can be used to characterize
• Ascorbic acid (vit. C)
• Nicotinic acid
• Thiamine
• Pyridoxine
• Nicotinamide
• Folic acid
• Riboflavin

70
Acknowledgements

• David Holm, Rob Davidson (SLV)
• Ann McSay (Res. Assist.)
• Mohamed Shahba (Post-doc)
• Juma Al Abaidani (PhD student)
• Emma Locke, Paulina Wisniewska, Scott Berkholtz
  (work-study students)
• Colorado Potato Administrative Ctte.
• NZ Crop Research Institute

71
Jorge Vivanco
72
Root Exudates The Hidden Plant Compounds

• Rhizosphere/Rhizosecretion
• Root Exudates
• Proteins
• Mucilage
• Sugars
• Amino Acids
• Secondary Metabolites

73
Role of Root Exudates

• Positive Communication
• Symbiosis
• Negative Communication
• Antimicrobial
• Unknown
• Allelochemical

74
Antifungal activity of Rosmarinic Acid (RA)
75
Rosmarinic Acid

• A natural plant compound / Secondary Metabolite
  present in Sweet Basil and many species of the
  Lamiaceae
• Rosmarinic acid (RA) (a-O-caffeoyl-3-4-
  dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid) is one of the most
  abundant antioxidants.

76
Targeted Pests on Potato
77
Late Blight
78
RA activity against P. infestans US8
79
96 Well Microtitre Plate Antifungal Assay
80
RA vs. Methanol Treatment
0.1mM RA (lowest concentration of RA)
Methanol (highest Methanol treatment)
81
Metabolic Pathway of Rosmarinic Acid
82
Migration of new biotypes

• Migration of new biotypes of the pathogen (US6,
  US7, US8, US11) insensitive to metalaxyl have
  resulted in the loss of efficacy of systemic
  fungicides and shifted management practices for
  control of late blight.
• Some models indicate 25 more protectant
  fungicide required to suppress biotype US8 than
  US1

83
(No Transcript)
84
Antifungal Activity of Potato Extracts against P.
infestans
85
Regional Linkage Groups

• Africa
• East and Southeast Asia and Australia
• Europe and East Europe
• Latin America
• South and West Asia
• USA and Canada
• Thematic linkage groups
• Breeding for resistance
• Integrated pest management
• Molecular studies of the pathogen
• Variation and evolution of Phytophthora
  infestans

86
Role of Root Exudates

• Positive Communication
• Symbiosis
• Negative Communication
• Antimicrobial
• Unknown
• Allelochemical

87
Characterization of C. maculosas allelochemical
88
(-)-Catechin 37.5 g acre-1

• Kochia, Pigweed, Lambsqaurters, Barnyard grass,
  Hairy Nightshade

89
Acknowledgements

• Lab Members
• Dr. Jorge M. Vivanco (PI)
• Dr. Harsh Pal Bais (Post-Doc)
• Dr. Ramarao Vepachedu (Post-Doc)
• Dr. Neelam Sharma (Post-Doc)
• Dr. Ravikanth Veluri (Post-Doc)
• Tiffany Weir (Research Associate)
• Sang-Wook Park (Ph.D student)
• Travis Walker (MS student)
• Hope Gruzweski (MS student)
• Shane Bower (Ph.D. student)
• Jamal Javanmardi (Visiting Scientist)
• Collaborators
• Dr. David Holm (CSU)
• Dr. Frank R. Stermitz (CSU)
• Dr. Ruth Hufbauer (CSU)
• Dr. Simon Gilroy (Penn State)
• Dr. Scott Nissen (CSU)
• Dr. Ray Callaway (U Montana)

Funding San Luis Valley Res. Center Comm. CSU
Invasive Weeds Initiative EPA National Science
Foundation (CAREER Award) CSU Ag. Exp.
Station Lindbergh Foundation
90
(No Transcript)