Personality

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Personality

• liudexiang

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Overview

• Personality
• Psychodynamic theories
• Humanistic personality theories
• Personality assessment

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Personality

• An individuals unique pattern of thoughts,
  feelings, and behaviors that persists over time
  and across situations.

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Psychodynamic theories

• Personality theories contending that behavior
  results from psychological forces that interact
  within the individual, often outside conscious
  awareness.

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Unconscious theory

• Conscious
• Freuds first level of awareness, consisting of
  the thoughts, feelings, and actions of which
  people are aware.
• Preconscious
• Freuds second level of awareness, consisting of
  the mental activities of which people gain
  awareness by attending to them.
• Unconscious
• Freuds third level of awareness, consisting of
  the mental activities beyond peoples normal
  awareness.

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Personality structure

• Id In Freuds theory of personality, the
  collection of unconscious urges and desires that
  continually seek expression.
• Pleasure principle According to Freud, the way
  in which the id seeks immediate gratification of
  an instinct.

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Personality structure

• Ego Freuds term for the part of the
  personality that mediates between environmental
  demands, conscious, and instinctual need now
  often used as a synonym for self.
• Reality principle According to Freud, the way
  in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual
  demands safely and effectively in the real world.

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Personality structure

• Super ego According to Freud, the social and
  parental standards the individual has
  internalized the conscious and the ego ideal.
• Ego ideal The part of the superego that consists
  of standards of what one would like to be.

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Personality structure
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How personality develops

• Libido According to Freud, the energy generated
  by sexual instinct.
• Fixation According to Freud, a partial or
  complete halt at some point in the individuals
  psychosexual development.

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How personality develops

• Oral stage First stage in Freuds theory of
  personality development, in which the infants
  erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and
  tongue.
• Anal stage Second stage in Freuds theory of
  personality development, in which a childs
  erotic feelings center on the anus and on
  elimination.

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How personality develops

• Phallic stage Third stage in Freuds theory of
  personality development, in which erotic feelings
  center on the genitals.
• Oedipus complex and Electra complex According to
  Freud, a childs sexual attachment to the parent
  of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the
  parent of the same sex generally occurs in the
  phallic stage.

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How personality develops

• Latency period In Freuds theory of
  personality, a period in which the child appears
  to have no interest in the other sex.
• Genital stage In Freuds theory of personality
  development, the final stage of normal adult
  sexual development, which is usually marked by
  mature sexuality.

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Carl Jung

• Personal unconscious In Jungs theory of
  personality, one of the two levels of the
  unconscious it contains the individuals
  repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and
  undeveloped ideas.
• Collective unconscious The level of the
  unconscious that is inherited and common to all
  members of a species.

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Carl Jung

• Archetype In Jungs theory of personality,
  thought forms common to all human beings, stored
  in the collective unconscious.
• Persona According to Jung, our public self, the
  mask we wear to represent ourselves to others.

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Carl Jung

• Extrovert According to Jung, a person who
  usually focuses on social life and the external
  world instead of on his or her internal
  experience.
• Introvert A person who usually focuses on his
  or her own thoughts and feelings.

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Alfred Adler

• Compensation According to Adler, the persons
  effort to overcome imagined or real personal
  weaknesses.
• Inferiority In Adlers theory, the fixation on
  feelings of personal inferiority that results in
  emotional and social paralysis.

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Humanistic personality theories

• Any personality theory that asserts the
  fundamental goodness of people and their striving
  toward higher levels of functioning.

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Humanistic personality theories

• Actualizing tendency According to Rogers, the
  drive of every organism to fulfill its biological
  potential and become what it is inherently
  capable of becoming.

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Humanistic personality theories

• Self-actualizing tendency According to Rogers,
  the drive of human beings to fulfill their
  self-concepts, or the images they have of
  themsevles.

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Humanistic personality theories

• Unconditional positive regard In Rogers theory,
  the full acceptance and love of another person
  regardless of his or her behavior.
• Conditional positive regard In Rogers theory,
  acceptance and love that are dependent on
  anothers behaving in certain ways and on
  fulfilling certain conditions.

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Personality assessment

• The personal interview
• Direct observation
• Objective tests
• Projective tests

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Objective tests

• Personality tests that are administered and
  scored in a standard way.
• Sixteen personality factor questionaire (16PF)
  Objective personality test created by Cattell
  that provides scores on the 16 traits he
  identified.

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Objective tests

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  (MMPI) The most widely used objective
  personality test, originally intended for
  psychiatric diagnosis.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)

• The test itself consists of a series of 567 items
  to which a person responds true, false, or
  cannot say. The questions cover a variety of
  issues, ranging from mood to opinions to physical
  and psychological health.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

• I feel useless at times.
• People should try to understand their dreams.
• I am bothered by an upset stomach several times a
  week.
• I have strange and peculiar thoughts.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

• I get along well with others.
• Sometimes I hear voices telling me to do bad
  things.
• At times I am full of energy.
• I am afraid of losing my mind.
• Everyone hates me .

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Projective tests

• Personality tests Personality tests, such as
  the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of
  ambiguous or unstructured material.

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Rorschach Test

• A projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots
  the way people interpret the blots is thought to
  reveal aspects of their personlity.

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Rorschach Test
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Rorschach Test
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Rorschach Test
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Thematic Apperception Test

• A projective test composed of ambiguous pictures
  about which a person is asked to write a complete
  story.

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Thematic Apperception Test
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Thematic Apperception Test
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