Paper III Sample

1
Paper III Sample

• Describe how foreign influence helped spurn the
  economic and political developments in Latin
  America in the Mid-19th Century.

2
Paper III Sample

• Describe the development of American involvement
  in World War I.

3
Paper III

• What were the aims of the Progressives, and to
  what extent were they achieved by 1920? Support
  your answer with specific examples from one or
  more countries of the region.

4
More Questions

• Compare and contrast the views of Booker T
  Washington (1856-l915) and Martin Luther King Jr.
  (1929-1968) on the advancement of
  African-Americans.
• What arguments and strategies did Booker T.
  Washington and WEB Du Bois offer for dealing with
  the problems faced by African-Americans at the
  end of the nineteenth and beginning of the
  twentieth centuries?
• Compare and contrast one major leader from North
  America with a major leader from Latin America.

5
Evolution of Latin AmericaMid-19th Century
6
Part OneDictators and Revolutions
7
Dictators and Revolutions

• After winning independence, Latin America began a
  long struggle to achieve stable, democratic
  governments

8
Problem

• Lacked a strong middle-class and experience in
  self-government
• Result age of violence that alternated between
  dictatorship and revolution.

9
Strong Man

• They symbolic leader of the era was the caudillo,
  or strong man

10
Political Party Fights

• Political parties were divided between Liberalism
  and Conservatism

11
Liberals

• Attracted the slowly growing middle class
• Advocated
• Federal government
• Individual rights
• Lay control of education
• End to special privileges for clergy and military

12
Conservatives

• Attracted landed aristocracy, the church, and the
  military
• Advocated
• Liked the social order under colonialism
• Wanted a strong centralized government.

13
Peasants Ignored

• Neither party addressed the issue of landless
  peasants that made up the majority of the
  population

14
Trade Improves Conditions

• By the mid-19th Century, trade grew with Europe
  and helped stabilize political conditions in
  Latin America.

15
Integration into Global Economy

• From 1880s onward, economies were integrated
  into the global economy

16
Problem

• The system was dominated by industrialized
  countries
• Western Europe and United States
• Prolonged an imperialistic legacy and
  centuries-old dependency

17
Two Traits Common to Era

• Latin America began to exhibit a continental
  sentiment with a sense of common interest
• Anti-Church sentiment, especially as Liberals
  took over the government

18
Foreign Trade Relations

• Spain, Britain, France

19
Spain Displaced

• Remained close with Spain (shared blood and
  culture)
• But Spain embroiled in own fight between Liberals
  and Conservatives
• England and France filled void

20
Reason

• The British and the French had the capital to
  facilitate trade between Latin America Europe

21
British Dominate

• The British had strongest motivation
• They controlled the world economy, and used this
  advantage in Latin America

22
Important Point

• Went against United States belief in the Monroe
  Doctrine

23
Liberalism Spreads

• As Latin America accepted foreign trade, it
  instilled economic liberalism
• British domination of the economy

24
French Domination

• British methods ruled the economy
• But culture was largely influenced by the French
• Example French was the foreign language spoken
  by the elite

25
French Imperialism in Mexico and the Rise of
Benito Juarez
26
Benito Juarez

• After the Mexican-American War, a pure-blood
  Indian named Benito Juarez had an ardent,
  democratic zeal to see his country ruled by
  Liberals.

27
Juarez

• He helped create the new liberal Constitution of
  1857
• Elected Vice President and Head of the Supreme
  Court
• Became theleading man of his country

28
La Reforma

• A new political movement, called la Reforma, or
  the Reform
• Synonymous with Juarez
• Another liberal affiliated with the movement was
  Porfirio Diaz

29
Reforms

• Directed against the economic power of the Church
  
• Owned half of all productive land
• Most important reform
• Government took land away and sold it

30
Secularization

• Education and even burials and weddings were
  secularized
• Religious liberty proclaimed

31
Constitution of 1857

• Most important features
• abolished special clerical and military
  privileges
• declared all citizens equal before the law

32
Church Reaction

• Excommunicated all who swore to uphold the
  Constitution of 1857
• All government officials required
• Meant lived outside of Catholic society

33
Conservative Reaction

• Conservatives rebelled and took Mexico City,
  promising to write a new Constitution

34
VP Juarezs Reaction

• Juarez fled
• President Comonfort stayed and approved the
  action of the Conservatives

35
Self-Declared President

• To Juarez, this was unconstitutional
• Declared himself President

36
War of Reform

• The next three years, the War of Reform raged
• One of the bloodiest in Mexican History

37
Liberals Base

• Vera Cruz
• controlled the busiest port in Mexico
• Used custom duties to pay troops

38
Economic Base

• Seized silver from British and French trains
• Took foreigners properties

39
Reform Laws

• In 1859, Juarez announced his Reform Laws
• Harshest of all against the Church
• Church property seized without compensation
• Priests and nuns not permitted to appear in
  public with vestments

40
Old Order Destroyed

• Churches looted whenever Liberals overtook a town
• Some priests were even shot

41
Liberals Win

• By 1860, the liberal army entered Mexico City
• Liberals were now back in power

42
Monroe Doctrine
43
Problems

• Now not only did Juarez have a poverty-stricken,
  war-torn Mexico to deal with, but England, Spain,
  and France pounced on him

44
European Response

• European powers demanded reparations for the
  pillaging of properties owned by their nationals
• Mexican treasury was empty

45
Mexico Invaded

• In 1862, a combined force landed on Mexican coast
• Soon Spain and England left because of the French
  ulterior motive

46
Napoleon III

• Dreamed of a grand French colony on Mexican soil

47
Emperor Maximilian

• Napoleon pressured Maximilian of Austria, a
  Hapsburg, to take the throne

48
Maximilians Demand

• He demanded a plebiscite vote of Mexican people
  before agreeing
• Conservatives supported him at first

49
Empress Carlotta
50
French Take Mexico City

• French troops moved inland and took Mexico City,
  despite a loss on the fifth of May

51
Maximilians Reign

• He reigned for three years
• Unpopular from the start
• He was liberal at heart and upheld some of the
  same beliefs, especially against the church
• Result lost support from the conservatives

52
Juarezs Reaction

• Juarez bided his time
• On the run from the French army, he waited for
  national sentiment to turn against the new emperor

53
Juarezs Most Famous Words

• Said as he was exiled in New Orleans
• Respect for the rights of others is peace.

54
U.S. Reacts

• Once the Civil War ended in U.S., they sent
  troops to Texas border
• Many in U.S. began to clamor for removal of
  French troops
• Ammunition and arms were made available

55
French Leave

• Frightened, Napoleon withdrew his troops, leaving
  Maximilian to face the music alone

56
Liberal Victory

• Juarezs army finished off Maximilians without a
  struggle
• Maximilian was tried, convicted, and given the
  death penalty
• He faced the firing squad
• Last words were, Viva Mexico!

57
Last Moments of Maximilian, June 19, 1867

• Sentenced to death for war crimes by a Mexican
  court martial, Emperor Maximilian consoles his
  priest confessor before being taken away to face
  the firing squad

58
Edouard Manet - The Execution of Emperor
Maximilian
59
(No Transcript)
60
Empress Carlottas Fate

• After Maximilians execution in 1867, she slipped
  into madness
• She died in Belgium in 1927 at the age of 86

61
Juarez Presidency

• Spent four years laboring for a better government
  and society
• Goal was mass education
• Ran for a fourth term in 1871
• Caused Porfirio Diaz to rebel
• Three months into his last term, he fell sick and
  died
• some think he was poisoned

62
Progressivism
63
Progressives
64
Answer To

• The rapid industrialization of the late 1800s
  that created
• Larger cities, populations, and wealth
• It also created
• unemployment, unsafe working conditions, and
  political corruption

65
Previous Response to New Order

• Involved charitable institutions and settlement
  houses
• But they proved inadequate

66
New Type of Government

• Some felt the government should be more active in
  solving these problems

67
Reformers

• Many socialists, labor leaders, and city
  government reformers were searching for ways to
  reform society

68
Jane Addams

• Mother of settlement house movement
• Activist for immigrants, women, and founding
  member of NAACP

69
Hull House

• Important forerunner to Progressive Era reform
• Provided social services

70
(No Transcript)
71
Major Concerns

• Major concerns of society
• Challenges posed by industrialization,
  urbanization, immigration, and pluralistic
  diversity

72
Major Point

• It was the search for new institutions to cope
  with these problems that produced the
  progressive reform

73
Panic of 1893

• Worst one to date
• People looked toward government for help

74
President Cleveland

• Failed to act on social issues

75
Bi-Metalism

• Many people begin to argue in favor of a gold and
  silver standard

76
William McKinley and Election of 1896

• Ran on a pro-gold ticket
• Ran versus William Jennings Bryan free silver

77
McKinley Wins

• People began to think the presidency had been
  bought by big business

78
Industrialization

• And the rise of labor

79
Changing Society of 1890s

• Period saw a tremendous economic change
• From rural to urban lifestyles, people became
  more mobile

80
Population Surge

• Population 103 million

81
Slums and Ghettos

• Immigrants and factory workers often lived in
  crowded slums in industrial cities

82
Life in Slums

• Life there was hard and dangerous
• Low wages meant wives and children of most
  factory workers had to work to help the family
  survive

83
Children at Work
84
Influx of Immigrants

• 19 million immigrants entered U.S. from mostly
  Eastern and Southern Europe

85
Result in Society

• Bigotry, intolerance, and discrimination arise
  (along with KKK) in the name of patriotism,
  progress, and pseudoscientific racism

86
Result for Immigrants

• Lead to either Americanization or bar them from
  positions reserved for real Americans

87
Two Effects of industrialization

• Rise of Organized Labor
• Workplace reforms

88
Labor Movement

• Employers fought hard, and not always fairly, to
  keep workers from unionizing

89
Mother Jones

• Crusader for workers rights
• The militant, not the meek, inherit the earth.

90
Courts Side with Big Business

• Courts tended to rule on the side of employers,
  issuing injunctions to keep workers from striking

91
Organized Labor

• Resulted from growth of big business
• Pushed for issues like
• Higher wages, shorter hours, and better working
  conditions

92
Early Unions

• Knights of Labor
• 1869 all inclusive
• American Federation of Labor
• 1886 skilled workers first federation of labor
  unions
• Largest and best organized

93
Industrial Workers of the World

• Born out of opposition to AFLs exclusivity
  (1905)
• Radical socialism that promoted overthrowing the
  ruling employer class

94
Preamble to IWW Constitution

• The working class and the employing class have
  nothing in common. There can be no peace so long
  as hunger and want are found among millions of
  the working people and the few, who make up the
  employing class, have all the good things of
  life. Between these two classes a struggle must
  go on until the workers of the world organize as
  a class, take possession of the means of
  production, abolish the wage system, and live in
  harmony with the Earth. ... Instead of the
  conservative motto, 'A fair day's wage for a fair
  day's work', we must inscribe on our banner the
  revolutionary watchword, 'Abolition of the wage
  system.' It is the historic mission of the
  working class to do away with capitalism.

95
Strike Breaking

• President Cleveland will use army and US
  Marshalls to break up the Pullman Strike

96
Newspapers

• Newspapers writers sensationalized wrongdoing
  in politics and business
• Theodore Roosevelt called them muckrakers

97
Newspapers

• But they did expose and identify real abuses
• Example is Upton Sinclairs The Jungle, which
  described the horrors of the meatpacking
  industry.

98
Chicago Meat Packers
99
Progressives Goals

• Unlike socialists, progressives didnt want
  sweeping economic or political reform
• Feared violence of revolution

100
Progressives Purpose

• Most had average wealth and liked free-enterprise
• Only wanted to free government of corruption so
  it could be the guardian of workers and the poor

101
More Goals

• Wanted social welfare programs to ensure a basic
  standard of living for all Americans

102
Wanted

• Unemployment, accident, and health insurance
• Social security system to provide for disabled
  and elderly

103
Structure

• Experts and scientists would plan these programs
• And professionals (not politicians) would then
  manage them

104
Progressive Women

• Women were at the heart of the reform
• Jane Addams and Florence Kelley
• Led them to believe they needed the right to vote
  to enact change in society

105
Urban Reforms

• Urban reforms included
• Improved city services, public health programs,
  and enforced tenement codes

106
Workplace Reforms

• Began after the March 1911 fire on the eighth
  floor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company
• 146 people died
• Roused public to action

107
(No Transcript)
108
Result

• Cities appointed fire inspectors and states
  passed guidelines for safe working conditions and
  compensation for accidents

109
Video Industrial growth in America
110
Theodore Roosevelt
111
Square Deal

• Theodore Roosevelts legislation

112
Theodore Roosevelt

• Progressivism influenced his presidency
• Said
• The Government must in increasing degree
  supervise and regulate the workings of the
  railways engaged in interstate commerce."

113
Square Deal

• Wanted fairness for average citizen
• Attacked big business
• Trust-buster
• Broke up over 40 corporations

114
Rise of Big Markets?

• National markets created by transportation
  advances
• A single manufacturer could use railroads and
  canals to ship goods to U.S. markets

115
Captains of Industry

• John D. Rockefeller
• Standard Oil
• Andrew Carnegie
• Steel
• Henry Ford
• Automobiles

116
Goal of Big Business

• Under price competition and drive them out of
  business
• Then raise prices

117
Coal Strike of 1902

• United Mine Workers strike
• Threatened heating supplies
• Roosevelt forced compromise between owners and
  workers

118
(No Transcript)
119
Other Legislation

• Sherman Antitrust Act was passed to check big
  business and breakup monopolies

120
Sherman Act Said

• "Every contract, combination in the form of trust
  or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of
  trade or commerce among the several States, or
  with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.
• The Act also provides "Every person who shall
  monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine
  or conspire with any other person or persons, to
  monopolize any part of the trade or commerce
  among the several States, or with foreign
  nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony . .
  . "

121
More Legislation

• Passed the Hepburn Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

122
New Amendments

• Pushed through by progressives
• 16th Amendment
• Income tax to pay for reforms
• 17th Amendment
• People directly elect senators
• 18th Amendment
• prohibited the manufacturing and sale of liquor

123
Ad for 18th Amendment
124
Conclusion

• Progressivism was a response to the new rise in
  economy
• It called for government to play a larger role in
  the daily life of Americans
• Gave society a conscience

125
World War I

• The Great War

126
Neutrality

• In the fall of 1914, the great powers of Europe
  were at war with one another
• United States made a vital decision that set it
  on its path for the next three years

127
Neutrality

• According to President Wilson, Americans were to
  be neutral in thought as well as action.

128
What is Neutrality?

• Cut of trade altogether or just trade in arms?
• What did the belligerents considered contraband
  (which included food)?
• Who determined what was okay or notthe enemies
  or the United States?

129
Answers?

• The government was not prepared to answer these
  questions

130
War Turns to Stalemate

• Most thought the war would be short and decisive
• But by late 1914 the war of motion turned into a
  bloody stalemate

131
Importance of U.S. Policy

• In a short war, American policy would not matter
• But in a war of attrition resources and
  policies were of great consequence

132
Importance Continued

• Allied purchasing agents swarmed into Canada and
  United States
• (worlds largest producers of beef, flour, and
  cotton)
• North America quickly became a critical war zone

133
Canadian Response

• Ties of culture connected North America to Great
  Britain
• Canada immediately sent a contingent of troops to
  Britain

134
Canadian artist Frank Johnston

• ". . . higher ever higher we rose till the land
  below became a beautiful rug, with a somewhat
  geometric design, of all colours, broken by light
  ribbons, that were the main highways."
• Frank Johnston, Canadian First World War artist
  Camp BordenPainted in 1919 (18881949)

• Frank Johnston was the first Canadian artist to
  depict the experience of flight

135
Canada

• 600,000 Canadians (out of a pop. of 8 million)
  served in the armed forces

136
U.S. Response

• Trade with belligerents meant trading with Allies
• From the start, private corporations made loans
  to the Allies (although free to trade with
  Central Powers too)

137
U.S. Favored Allies

• This imbalance of trade would eventually drag the
  United States into the war

138
Breakdown of Loyalties

• Americans felt personally involve
• Over a third were first or second-generation
  immigrants
• Germans and Irish hostile toward Britain

139
Majority of Americans

• Opposed the Central Powers

140
Friction Grows

• From 1915-1917, friction grew between U.S. and
  Germany

141
Preparedness Movement

• U.S. followed a preparedness movement
• camps set up to train soldiers
• people given patriotism lessons
• pressure to join war intensified
• Why?
• German sub warfare

142
German Sub Warfare

• Using u-boats to strike merchant and civilian
  ships with no warnings

143
Lusitania

• Opinion in U.S. dropped dramatically after the
  sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania
  in May 1915

144
News Caption
145
Sinking of Sussex

• U-Boat mistakenly sinks a French cross-channel
  ferry
• 25 U.S. citizens killed

146
Wilsons Response to Congress (Apr 1916) over
Sussex

• "that unless the Imperial German Government
  should now immediately declare and effect an
  abandonment of its present method of warfare
  against passenger and freight carrying vessels
  this Government can have no choice but to sever
  diplomatic relations with the Government of the
  German Empire altogether".

147
Sussex Pledge

• German answer so as to avoid war with U.S.
• May 1916
• Stopped unrestricted sub warfare on merchant
  ships
• Stopped, searched, and sunk only if they had
  contraband

148
Germany Resumes Policy

• February 1917, violated pledge and resumed
  unrestricted submarine warfare

149
Why?

• Believed they could break Britain using a full
  policy of unrestricted submarine warfare before
  America was in a position to fully join the war

150
Zimmerman Telegram

• U.S. on brink of declaring war (fight in
  Congress) when Britain revealed an intercepted
  telegram from German foreign secretary Zimmerman
  to Mexico

151
U.S. Enters War

• By April, Wilson made his war speech to Congress

152
Wilson said

• The U.S. would fight for the ultimate peace of
  the world and for the liberation of its
  peoplesThe world must be made safe for
  democracy.

153
U.S. Enters War

• 1917-1918

154
Total War

• Economy, politics, and society all focused on the
  war effort
• Industry was converted to produce war goods
• Food and fuel consumption was rationed
• American economic life was regulated by government

155
Major Wartime Agencies

• War Industry Board
• Railroad Administration
• Food Administration
• National War labor Board
• Committee on Public Information

156
Women during WWI

• Shortage in labor led women to enter the work
  force
• Slogans like For Every Fighter a Woman Worker

157
Result

• Women now in jobs previously closed to them

158
One Manufacturer Said

• One of the lessons from the war has been to show
  that women can do exacting work.

159
Financing the War

• Used two usual ways borrowed money and raised
  taxes
• Also sold Liberty bonds
• Used patriotism to sell

160
Liberty Bonds

• Example, Secretary of Treasury McAdoo reportedly
  said Every person who refuses to subscribe is a
  friend of Germany.

161
Committee on Public Information

• Formed to rally Americans behind war effort

162
CPI

• Under direction of George Creel
• Flooded country with press releases,
  advertisements, cartoons, speakers and editorials

163
Suppressing Dissent
164
Espionage Act

• Heavy fine or imprisonment for any who suppressed
  war effort
• Became weapon to crush protest

165
Sedition Act of 1918

• Penalties for writing or speaking against war

166
Society Reacts

• Fear of foreigners was widespread
• General hostilities toward Germans

167
Labor and WWI

• Socialism labor unions attacked

168
Selective Service Act

• Because of lack of troops in regular army,
  Congress passed the Selective Service Act that
  authorized a draft

169
AEF

• 3 million draftees and National Guardsmen made up
  the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

170
AEF

• First troops land in France in July 1917
• Commanded by General John J. Pershing

171
Russia Drops Out

• By March 1917, Russia declares peace with Germany
• Freed Germany to focus on its western front

172
War Moves Forward

• Germany focused all energy of western front
• By June 50 miles from Paris

173
Germanys Gamble

• Gambled they could win on western front before
  Americans showed up
• But Americans were rushed across ocean to revive
  collapsing morale

174
American General said to the French chief of
staff

• Well, we have come over here to get killed.
  Where do you want to use us?

General Tasker Bliss
175
Americans and Trench Warfare

• Few soldiers were trained when they arrived
• Went through months of training under French
  direction

176
Trench Warfare

• Learned basics of trench warfare
• Using bayonets, grenades, machine guns, and
  surviving poison attacks.

177
One soldier recalled

• We saw the long lines of Marines leap from
  somewhere and start across the wheat fieldsas
  the first wave disappeared over the crest we
  heard the opening clatter of dozens of machine
  guns that sprayed our advancing lines. Then we
  heard some shrieks that made our blood run cold.
  High above the roar of the artillery and the
  clatter of machine guns we heard the war cries of
  the Marines. It seemed less than half an hour
  before all guns stopped firing.

178
AEF Turns War to Favor Allies

• Influx of American soldiers stopped the German
  advance

179
German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

• By July 18, German chancellor was saying, even
  the most optimistic among us knew that all was
  lost. The history of the world was played out in
  three days.

180
American Success

• Now Allies launched their own advance
• Decisive battle won in September when force of 1
  million Americans attacked German trenches in
  Argonne Forest

181
Lieutenant Maury Maverick said

• We were simply in a big black spot with streaks
  of screaming red and yellow, with roaring giants
  in the sky tearing and whirling and roaringthe
  intensity of it simple enters your heart and
  brain, and tears every nerve to pieces.

182
Total Surrender

• By September, Germans sought a peace settlement,
  but Allies wanted total surrender
• They pressed against the enemy

183
Battle for the Argonne Ends the War

• Massive assault overwhelmed the Germans
• Germanys allies were slowly surrendering, its
  own army was in retreat, and was breaking out in
  major cities
• Germany asked for Peace in November 1918

184
War Facts

• 8 million soldiers dies and 7 million civilians
• 115,000 Americans were among the dead
• November 11, 1918, an armistice ended the Great
  War

185
Tank

• Using a new weapon, the tank, Americans began to
  break German lines

186
Trench Warfare
187
Machine Guns
188
Aviation
189
The Peace Treaty

• Treaty of Versailles
• June 28, 1919

190
Wilsons 14 Points

• Outlined in a war speech in January 1918
• Advocated a democratic world system

191
(No Transcript)
192
Self-Determination

• Self-determination for colonies of Europe
• Would recognize nationalist groups desire for
  independence

193
League of Nations

• 14th point
• International organization to preserve peace
• Collective security
• Wilson called it a Covenant

194
Wilsons Own Words

• We are saving the Covenant, and that instrument
  will work wonders, bring the blessing of peace,
  and then when the war psychosis has abated, it
  will not be difficult to settle all the disputes
  that baffle us now.

195
League of Nations

• Would ensure international stability
• But Allies rejected it almost immediately, as did
  the U.S. Congress

196
League of Nations

• Congress feared it would drag U.S. into foreign
  wars and never passed it.

197
Paris Peace Conference

• By January 1919, the Paris Peace Conference began
• Wilson represented U.S.
• Main goal was to establish a permanent agency to
  guarantee international stability so as to
  organize a common peace

198
Peace Treaty of Versailles

• Allies (with exception to U.S.) demanded harsh
  penalties
• Wilson feared it would lead to another war
• Germany was forced to accept war guilt and full
  reparations (amounted to 33 billion)
• Sets scene for WWII

199
African-Americans

• Booker T Washington
• and
• WEB Du Bois

200
African Americans during WWI

• Demand for industrial labor caused a mass
  migration from the rural south
• Half a million will move north
• Race riots begin to erupt
• 1917 riot in East St. Louis white mob murdered
  39 black people, sparing neither age nor sex in
  their blood lust for blood.

201
Black Community after Slavery

• Plagued with problems
• Poverty due to sharecropping or manufacturing
  jobs
• Jim Crow Laws
• Racism and segregation

202
Leaders Debate Solutions

• Leaders within the community debate solutions
• Booker T Washington
• WEB DuBois

203
Booker T Washington

• Born a slave, he will dedicate his life to
  promoting the growth of educational institutions
  for African Americans.

204
Washingtons Beliefs

• He stressed advancement through vocational
  training
• Centered efforts through education so as to
  influence peaceful segregation and economic
  security
• Ideology called Tuskegeeism.

205
Tuskegee Institute

• Started the Tuskegee Institute in 1881
• He instructed his students to put aside political
  equality and focus on building economic stability

206
In His Own Words

• Urged them to prepare for productive, profitable
  work and to bring their intellect to bear upon
  everyday practical things of life, upon something
  that is needed to be done, and something which
  they will be permitted to do in the community in
  which they reside.

207
In The End

• Although he reached a prominent place in both
  Black and White society
• Ideas were not successful in the long run
• It brought neither peace nor a better standard of
  living for Black Americans

208
Societies Response

• In the South, political disfranchisement and
  formalized segregation were accompanied by
  lynchings and violence as a methods of race
  control
• In turn, led to a Black diaspora from the rural
  South to the urban North

209
As a Result

• These developments led to the new black protest
  and activism
• In turn, racial violence spread to the north

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WEB DuBois

• Led the new movement in a new direction
• Harvard educated (first Black American to achieve
  a PhD)
• Helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 that
  called for full civil liberties

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WEB DuBois
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DuBois Message

• He rejected Washingtons message (called it the
  Atlanta Compromise)
• Thought brightest African Americans should lead
  their people toward full political and Civil
  rights.

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DuBois Beliefs

• Instead of vocational training, they should seek
  liberal arts education so to attain
  intelligence, broad sympathy, knowledge of the
  world that was and is, and of the relation of men
  to it.

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In the End

• Urged African Americans not to define themselves
  as whites saw them
• Take pride in both African and American heritage
• He later left teaching to work for the NAACP