Stormwater Management: Making Sure Green Is Green

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Stormwater Management Making Sure Green Is Green
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Critical Link between Land and WaterTwo Sides
of the Same Coin
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What happens on the land.
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Jersey City Reservoir, Morris County
has everything to do with what happens in and to
the water.
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Components of Sustainability Water-Related

• Comprehensive Stormwater
• Management
• Recycled Wastewater
• Water Conserving Water Use
• Just for Starters

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The Problem - From Smart Growth
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The only thing new in the world is the history
weve forgotten. Harry
Truman
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Sustainability

• Relates to private residential subdivision and
  retail and office and industrial centers.
• Also relates to public facilities like schools
  and parks and recreational facilities and roads.

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• This could be a new park next to you!

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Stormwater Impacts of Conventional Development
(including Parks and Rec!)

• Not just Increased Flooding!
• Increased Runoff Volume
• Decreased Evapotranspiration and Groundwater
  Recharge
• Increased Frequency of Runoff Events
• Faster Conveyance of Water
• Erosion and Stream Channel Changes
• Decreased Baseflow
• Impacted Aquatic Life
• Pollutants and Temperature Impacts

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not to mention other impacts of conventional
development practices Habitat
Loss/Biodiversity Wetlands/Floodplains/Other
Areas Soils/Special Geologic Features Air
Quality/Microclimate Noise Historical/Archaeolog
ical Aesthetics/Scenic Quality of Life Public
Health
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Balancing the Water Cycle
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Annual Hydrologic Cycle For an Average Year
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Altered Hydrologic Cycle
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Infiltration
Surface Runoff
Surface Runoff
Surface Runoff
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Conventional Development Water Cycle Impacts

• Increased Peak Runoff Rate
• Increased Runoff Volumes
• Decreased Infiltration
• Decreased Groundwater Recharge
• Decreased Stream Baseflow
• Decreased Evapotranspiration
• Temperature
• All of which translate into many more related
  hydrologic, ecologic, other impacts.

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Conventional (Detention) Stormwater Management

• Controls Peak Rate of Runoff to Predevelopment
  Conditions
• Fails to Control Volume of Runoff
• Fails to Control Nonpoint Pollutant/Temperature
  Loadings

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We all live downstream.We havent understood
the basic hydrology of stream and river systems.
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Average Annual Rainfall Volume that Occurs by
Storm Magnitude for Harrisburg, PA (PA State
Climatological Office, 1926 2003)
0.1 - 1
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Stormwater management has focused only on the
largest stormswe havent paid attention to
annual water balance and the reality of smaller
storms.
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Manage Stormwater as a Precious Resource not a
Disposal Problem
for Stream Baseflow/Low Flow for Wells and
Springs for Wetlands
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Nonpoint Source Pollution

• Transported by and dissolved in runoff
• Petroleum Hydrocarbons
• Metals
• Nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrate)
• Organic matter
• Sediment
• Synthetic Organics (pesticides,herbicides)

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Impacts on Stream Morphology Aquatic
Habitat Bank Erosion and Undercutting Streambed
Scouring
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Dry Channels
Eroded Streambanks
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Land Development Impacts on Stream Morphology

• Channel widening, downcutting, scouring
• Stream bank erosion
• Imbedded substrate with benthic impacts
• Loss of pools, riffles

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Land Development Impacts on Stream Ecology

• Reduced diversity of aquatic insects
• Reduced diversity of fish
• Decline of amphibians
• Degraded wetlands, riparian zones

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Land Development Impacts on Vegetation
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Trees the Perfect BMP
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Land Development Impacts on SoilA Living
Foundation

• Soil Horizons
• Layer of Soil Parallel to Surface
• Properties a function of climate, landscape
  setting, parent material, biological activity,
  and other soil forming processes.
• Horizons (A, E, B, C, R, etc)

Image Source University of Texas, 2002
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• Dramatic increases
• in soil compaction

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Common Bulk Density Measurements orHow compacted
is this soil?
Golf Courses, Parks, Athletic Fields 1.69 to
1.97g/cc
David B. Friedman, District Director -- Ocean
County Soil Conservation District
Bulk Density is defined as the weight of a unit
volume of soil including its pore space (g/cc or
grams/cubic centimeter). Water and air are
important components of soil and we must frame
our soil concepts so that factors affecting water
and air dynamics are included. Thus, we are
primarily interested in bulk density and pore
space as they affect water and aeration status,
and root penetration and development.
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Effects of Soil Disturbance
Adapted from Impact of Soil Disturbance During
Construction on Bulk Density and Infiltration in
Ocean County, New Jersey (2001) -
www.ocscd.org/soil.pdf
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Getting Stormwater Right Structural BMPs
Mitigative Non-Structural
BMPs Preventive
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Structural Best Management Practices Runoff
Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and
Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge
gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter
strips 3.      Vegetated Swales
(Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous
pavement with infiltration beds 5.     
Infiltration basins 6.      Subsurface
infiltration beds 7.      Infiltration
trenches 8.      French drains/dry
wells 9.      Outlet control (level
spreaders, etc.) 10.  Retentive grading
techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltratio
n-Oriented 11. Vegetated roofs 12.
Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff
Quality/Non-Infiltration 13. Constructed
wetlands 14. Wet ponds/retention
basins 15. Filters 16. Water
quality inserts 17. Detention/Extended
Detention 18. Special Storage Parking
Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs 19.
Riparian Corridor Restoration 20.
Revegetation/Reforestation 21. Soils
Amendment
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One size no longer fits all
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Structural BMPs

• Runoff Volume/Infiltration-Oriented
• Vegetative and Soil-Based
• Porous Pavement
• Infiltration Basin
• Infiltration Bed
• Infiltration Trench
• Rain Garden/Bioretention
• Dry Well / Seepage Pit
• Constructed Filter
• Vegetated Swale
• Vegetated Filter Strip
• Berm

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Pollutant Removal Effectiveness
Water quality benefits of porous pavement with
infiltration from National Pollutant Removal
Performance Database for Stormwater Treatment
Practices Center for Watershed Protection, June
2000 \
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Porous Pavement
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Porous Paving w/ Infiltration
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Rams Head Plaza at University of North Carolina
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DuPont Barley Mills Office Complex
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• Precipitation is carried from roof by roof
  drains to storage beds.
• Stormwater runoff from impervious and lawn areas
  is carried to storage beds.
• Precipitation that falls on porous paving enters
  storage beds directly
• Stone beds with 40 void space store water.
  Continuously perforated pipes distribute
  stormwater from impervious surfaces evenly
  throughout the beds.
• Stormwater exfiltrates from storage beds into
  soil, recharging groundwater.

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Costs of Porous Pavement

• Generally costs the same or less for the site
• Actual asphalt slightly more expensive
• (special gradation and higher grade binder)
• Reduces Piping Infrastructure and Basins
• Penn State Berks Campus 320 spaces 1999
• - 3500 / space budgeted for standard pavement
• - 2700 actual cost for porous

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Swarthmore College
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Permeable Patios, Terraces, Courtyards
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Infiltration Basins
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Infiltration Basin Commerce Plaza 1983
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Vegetated Infiltration Beds
Distributing Water in Sub-Surface Bed
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Penn New School 43rd and Locust Streets

• PaDEP Growing Greener Philadelphia Water
  Department
• Porous Pavement Play Yard
• Infiltration Bed Beneath Athletic Field
• Rain Gardens and Native Vegetation
• Environmental Education

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• Previous impervious parking lot at site

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Completed Porous Pavement Playfield
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Infiltration Trenches
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Rain Gardens / Bioretention
Rainwater can support the landscape and soils,
reducing pipes and basins.
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Dry Well / Seepage Pit
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Vegetated Swales (simple inexpensive)
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Vegetated Swale (Enhanced)
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Vegetated Filter Strip
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Infiltration Berms
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Structural Best Management Practices Runoff
Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and
Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge
gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter
strips 3.      Vegetated Swales
(Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous
pavement with infiltration beds 5.     
Infiltration basins 6.      Subsurface
infiltration beds 7.      Infiltration
trenches 8.      French drains/dry
wells 9.      Outlet control (level
spreaders, etc.) 10.  Retentive grading
techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltratio
n-Oriented 11. Vegetated roofs 12.
Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff
Quality/Non-Infiltration 13. Constructed
wetlands 14. Wet ponds/retention
basins 15. Filters 16. Water
quality inserts 17. Detention/Extended
Detention 18. Special Storage Parking Lot,
Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs 19. Riparian
Corridor Restoration 20.
Revegetation/Reforestation 21. Soil
Amendment
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Vegetated Roof
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Vegetated Rooftops

• Reduce the Volume of Stormwater Runoff
  (typically 50 or more annually)

• Reduce the Rate of Stormwater Runoff

• Increase the Lifespan of a Conventional Roof
  Surface by 2 to 3 times

• Reduce heating and cooling costs

• Enhance property values and Aesthetics

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Fencing Academy of PhiladelphiaRoofmeadowTM
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Stuttgarts Green Space
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Capture / Reuse

• Volume Control
• Reduced potable water consumption
• Cost savings

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UNC-Chapel Hill

• 1.5 billion construction program, largest in
  211-year history of UNC-CH
• Funded in part by biggest higher education bond
  in U.S.
• Guided by award-winning 2001 Campus Master Plan
• Included an Environmental component which set
  rigorous goals

UNC-Chapel Hill Campus Master Plan Ayers Saint
Gross, Architects
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• Rams Head Stormwater System
• 40,000 SF Green roof plaza
• Cistern
• Vegetated swale w/ check dams

• Reinforced-turf fire lane
• Storage/infiltration bed under artificial turf
  athletic field
• Re-created ephemeral stream
• Water quality inserts
• Manages runoff from project area and additional
  17 acres

Image Source Andropogon Associates
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Vegetated Roof Plaza

• Unique, non-proprietary system design, including
• 56,000-gallon cistern under pathways
• Additional 32,000-gallon water storage zone under
  soil to support trees
• Visual stormwater connections and overflows
• 12 to 24 inches of soil for native trees and
  groundcovers
• Perforated pipe and Rainstore distribution system

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Green Roof Plaza with Cisterns
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• Cistern constructed of recycled plastic
  Rainstore
• Overflow to Storage Layer under soil

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• 56,000 gallon cistern filled by 2.7 inches of
  rainfall (in one or more storms)
• On average, it will fill and empty 9 times per
  irrigation season
• Provides 3 weeks irrigation without replenishment

Bricks being placed above cistern
Flood test of cistern area
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And then into an Infiltration Bed beneath an
Artificial Turf Athletic Field
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Returning Springs and Stormwater Flow to Daylight
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Structural Best Management Practices Runoff
Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and
Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge
gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter
strips 3.      Vegetated Swales
(Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous
pavement with infiltration beds 5.     
Infiltration basins 6.      Subsurface
infiltration beds 7.      Infiltration
trenches 8.      French drains/dry
wells 9.      Outlet control (level
spreaders, etc.) 10.  Retentive grading
techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltratio
n-Oriented 11. Vegetated roofs 12.
Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff
Quality/Non-Infiltration 13. Constructed
wetlands 14. Wet ponds/retention
basins 15. Filters 16. Water
quality inserts 17. Detention/Extended
Detention 18. Special Storage Parking Lot,
Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs 19. Riparian
Corridor Restoration 20.
Revegetation/Reforestation 21. Soil
Amendment
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Constructed Wetlands
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Wet Pond / Retention Basin
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Water Quality Inserts/Filters
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Structural Best Management Practices Runoff
Volume/Infiltration-Oriented Vegetative and
Soil-Based 1.      Rain/recharge
gardens/Bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter
strips 3.      Vegetated Swales
(Bio-infiltration, Dry, Wet) 4.      Porous
pavement with infiltration beds 5.     
Infiltration basins 6.      Subsurface
infiltration beds 7.      Infiltration
trenches 8.      French drains/dry
wells 9.      Outlet control (level
spreaders, etc.) 10.  Retentive grading
techniques, berms Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltratio
n-Oriented 11. Vegetated roofs 12.
Cisterns/Rain Barrels/Capture Reuse Runoff
Quality/Non-Infiltration 13. Constructed
wetlands 14. Wet ponds/retention
basins 15. Filters 16. Water
quality inserts 17. Detention/Extended
Detention 18. Special Storage Parking
Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs 19.
Riparian Corridor Restoration 20.
Revegetation/Reforestation 21. Soil
Amendment
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Riparian Buffer Restoration and Reforestation
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Landscape Restoration
Seeding
1st year
Lawn to Sustainable Meadows
2nd year
3rd year
Images courtesy of Rolf Sauer and Partners
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Landscape Restoration (cont.)
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Soil Amendment / Restoration
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Non-Structural Strategies aka Low
Impact Development aka Conservation Design aka
Green Infrastructure Even for Community Parks!
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Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific
Non-Structural BMPs1.0 Protect Sensitive and
Special Value Resources BMP 1.1 Protect
sensitive/special value features BMP
1.2 Protect/conserve/enhance utilize riparian
areas BMP 1.3 Protect/utilize natural flow
pathways in overall stormwater planning and
design2.0 Cluster and Concentrate BMP
2.1 Cluster uses at each site Build on the
smallest area possible BMP 2.2 Concentrate uses
areawide through Smart Growth practices3.0
Minimize Disturbance and Minimize
Maintenance BMP 3.1 Minimize total disturbed
area grading BMP 3.2 Minimize soil compaction
in disturbed areas BMP 3.3 Re-vegetate and
re-forest disturbed areas, using native
species4.0 Reduce Impervious Cover BMP
4.1 Reduce street imperviousness BMP 4.2 Reduce
parking imperviousness5.0 Disconnect/Distribute
/Decentralize BMP 5.1 Rooftop disconnection BMP
5.2 Disconnection from storm sewers
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Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific
Non-Structural BMPs1.0 Protect Sensitive
and Special Value Resources BMP 1.1 Protect
sensitive/special value features BMP
1.2 Protect/conserve/enhance utilize riparian
areas BMP 1.3 Protect/utilize natural flow
pathways in overall stormwater planning
and design
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Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific
Non-Structural BMPs2.0 Cluster and
Concentrate BMP 2.1 Cluster uses at each site
build on the smallest area possible BMP
2.2 Concentrate uses areawide through Smart
Growth practices
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Cost ComparisonChapel RunConventional
Development 2,460,200Conservation
Design-Parkway 888,735
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Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific
Non-Structural BMPs3.0 Minimize Disturbance
and Minimize Maintenance BMP
3.1 Minimize total disturbed area grading
BMP 3.2 Minimize soil compaction in
disturbed areas BMP 3.3 Re-vegetate and
re-forest disturbed areas, using native
species
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Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific
Non-Structural BMPs4.0 Reduce Impervious
Cover BMP 4.1 Reduce street imperviousness BMP
4.2 Reduce parking imperviousness
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Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific
Non-Structural BMPs5.0 Disconnect/Distribute/
Decentralize BMP 5.1 Rooftop disconnection BMP
5.2 Disconnection from storm sewers
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Top Ten Stormwater Management Principles-Preve
nt first, -Mitigate second. -Manage as a
resource not a waste!-Maintain water cycle
balance, pre- to post.-Integrate early into site
design process.-Protect/utilize natural systems
(soil, vegetation).-Manage as close to the
source as possible.-Disconnect. Decentralize.
Distribute.-Slow it down dont speed it
up.-Achieve multiple objectives do as much with
as little as possible.
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System Balance.everything is connected to
everything else.
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Stormwater Management Making Sure Green is
Green