Opening the Coastal Ocean Black Box and the Advent of Coastal Ocean Observatories Oscar Schofield, S

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Opening the Coastal Ocean Black Box and the
Advent of Coastal Ocean ObservatoriesOscar
Schofield, Scott Glenn, Coastal Ocean
Observation Lab (COOL) Rutgers University
Science web site http//marine.rutgers.edu/cool
Operational web site http//www.thecoolroom.org
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My Goals (A COOL Little Journey) Building an
Ocean Nowcast/Forecast Network
l Why?
A) Long term changes (Antarctic)
B) Coastal Hypoxia/Anoxia (Mid-Atlantic
Bight)
l Integrated Shelf-Scale Observation and
Integrated Networks
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Why?
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Integrated Chlorophyll a vs. Upper Mixed Layer
Depth
350
Station B 1991-1992
300
Mitchell Holm Hansen (1991)
250
200
Integrated UML Chl a (mg m-3)
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Upper Mixed Layer Depth (m)
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Cryptophytes in the Coastal Ocean (Antarctica)
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Palmer Station (n162)
0.8
0.6
Proportion of total chlorophyll a associated with
diatoms
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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Proportion of total chlorophyll a associated with
cryptophytes
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100?m
Thalassiosira antarctica
Cryptomonas cryophila
Corethron criophilum
Palmer Cryptophytes --gt 8 2?m
10?m
SEM Micrographs fromMcMinn and Hodgson 1993
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The Ice-melt Wall
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Salinity
Palmer Station
65S
Antarctic Peninsula
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Changes over the last 50 years
1.2
0.8
0.4
Mean Summer Air Temperatures (C)
0
R2 0.64
Faraday Station
-0.4
Signy Station
R2 0.73
-0.8
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
Year
From Smith (1994)
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Where have all the good krill gone?
100
6
10
KrillSalp
Ice Index
1
4
0.1
2
0.01
YEAR
0.001
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
100
10
1
KrillSalp
0.1
Ice Index
0.01
0.001
4
2
6
100
10
1
KrillSalp
0.1
0.01
0.001
0
-2
-4
Mean Air Temperature (C)
From Loeb et al., 1997
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Quetin and Ross 1985
McClatchie and Boyd 1983
Boyd et al. 1984
50
100
100
40
80
80
Retention by Krill
30
60
60
20
40
40
10
20
20
0
0
0
5-10
gt15
5-10
gt15
5-10
gt15
Phytoplankton Size (?m)
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Consequences of cryptophytes
-Shift grazers to salp community
-Decrease carbon to higher trophic levels by
50-60
-Increase carbon flux to benthos by a factor of
3-4 (given one year salp life)
-Mobile higher tropic levels move to preferred
food source in the south
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Changes in physical environment impact Antarctic
phytoplankton community composition. This
will impact elemental cycling and higher trophic
levels.
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The Problem for Aquatic Sciences (Lots of
processes interacting over many time/space
scales)
Horizontal Spatial Scales
1mm
1cm
1m
10m
100m
1km
10km
100km
1 sec
molecular processes
1 min
Turbulent mixing physiological acclimation
1 hour
Individual Movement
1 day
Temporal Scales
Phytoplankton bloom
Fisheries and aquaculture
1 week
1 month
seasonal
1 year
10 year
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Paul Falkowski
Hernan Arrango
Dale Haidvogel
Scott Glenn
Fred Grassle
Bob Chant
Oscar Schofield
The Jersey Family
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30 X 30 km LEO CPSE An Integrated Observatory
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Hypoxia/Anoxia Bottom Bathymetry
Warsh NOAA 1989
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Seasonal temperature variation is the primary
signal. Summer upwelling is 2nd
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New Jersey Coastal Upwelling
Barnegat
Cape May
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Modeled Effect of Bathymetric Variability on
Upwelling
1 m/s current velocity
Along shore subsurface deltas cause upwelling to
be 3d, not 2d.
North
wind

Barnegat delta
LEO delta
Cape May delta
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Irradiance
Physical mixing processes
Phytoplankton
Nutrients
Sinkage Senescence
Zooplankton
Higher Trophic Levels
Particle Dynamics
Carbon Flux Productivity
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That Pristine Blue NJ Water
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Courtesy of Hans Graber, Rich Garvine, Bob Chant,
Andreas Munchow, Scott Glenn and
Mike Crowley
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Shipboard surveys
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POC represents potentially 182 µmol
oxygen/kg Depleted during an average upwelling
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Where we do go from here?
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Motivationwe what temporal spatial data

• To get these initial conditions
• Modelers like to assimilate maps of coherent
  array data
• Modelers do not like to assimilate incoherent
  time series data

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New Jersey Shelf Observing System (NJ-SOS)
300 X 300 km NJSOS An Integrated Sustained
Observatory
Satellites,
RADAR, Gliders
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Atmosphere/Ocean Physical/Biological Forecast
Models
Operational Low-Res COAMPS Atmospheric Model
Experimental High-Res RAMS Atmospheric Model
Air-Sea Interaction Model
ROMS Ocean Model (KPP and MY 2.5 Turbulent
Closure)
Bottom Boundary Layer Model
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2001 Real-time Ensemble Forecasts
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Real-Time Ensemble Validation
Thermistor

• In an observationally rich
• environment, ensemble forecasts
• can be compared to real-time data
• to assess which model is closer to reality
• and try to understand why.

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Atmosphere/Ocean Physical/Biological Forecast
Models
Operational Low-Res COAMPS Atmospheric Model
Experimental High-Res COAMPS Atmospheric Model
Air-Sea Interaction Model
ROMS Ocean Model (KPP and MY 2.5 Turbulent
Closure)
Bottom Boundary Layer Model
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Visualization
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Surface and Bottom Floats
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Phytoplankton off the coast of Florida
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INVERSION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES
U. Maine, U. Alaska, COOL
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phcobilin
Chl b
Chl c
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PATTERN RECOGNITION (here HABs)
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Adaptive Sampling Platforms
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Red Tide Observed at 790 nm on 22 July 2000 With
the PHILLS Sensor
100 meters
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Bioluminescence Potential
1e6
4e10
Photons/sec/ml
0
6
12
Depth (m)
18
24
a
0
1.0
2.0
Distance (km)
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Where do we get the data from here?
Satellites CODAR Node/Moorings Ships/AUVs Gliders
Sustained
2001?
Integrated
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Nested Multi-Static CODAR Array
Beach
Buoys
Boats
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Radial Velocity Map
Brant Beach Site
Brigantine Site
25 km
A
25 cm/s
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Test
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NJSOS
NEOS Northeaster Oct 16, 2002
LEO 15
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New Jersey Shelf Observing System (In Situ Data)
Storm Center
(GMT)
Met Tower Data
Storm Center
Storm Center
(GMT)
(EST)
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Spatial Maps 10/16/2002 0700 GMT
1002 mb
Contour resolution 1 mb
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10/16/2002 1500 GMT
991 mb
Contour resolution 1 mb
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10/16/2002 1800 GMT
989 mb
Contour resolution 1 mb
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10/17/2002 0000 GMT
992 mb
Contour resolution 1 mb
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AUVs
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Ship Grid Patterns
BL Isosurfaces
1E10 ph/s/35L
0
3E11 ph/s/.35L
Depth (m)
15
Latitude (5km)
Longitude (2km)
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BL Isosurfaces
5E10ph/s/.35L
1E11ph/s/.35L
Depth (m)
Latitude (300m)
Longitude (500m)
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Slocum Electric Glider
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Gulf-Cast Jan. 2003
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Long-Duration Glider AUVs
ADCP vs. Glider Drift Comparison
Temperature Cross Section July 19,
2000
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Hydroscat 2 and CTD Mounted in Glider Science Bay
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Temperature
Salinity
Fluorescence
Backscatter
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Kirkpatrick et al. submitted Applied Optics
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Slocum Electric Glider Communication
Iridium Antenna
ARGOS and FreeWave Antennas
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How do we build a Smart Glider Fleet?
Use Agent Oriented Software- For Self-aware
Self-controlled Robots
Collaborative Society of Glider
Software Agents
NASAs Deep Space 1 Fly-by of Comet Borrelly
KNOWLEDGE
DECISION MAKING
SENSORS
REPRESENTATION

PLANNING
KNOWLEDGE BASE
REASONING
COMMUNICATION
SITUATION
MODELLING
COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS
Glider Fleet Mission Status Panel
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Scientists want real-time observational nowcasts
and model forecasts .
DO REAL PEOPLE CARE?
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Technology Partnerships

• Remote Sensing
• Coastal ocean algorithms NRL, U. Maine,
  NOAA/NESDIS, FERI
• International constellation of satellites
  SeaSpace Inc., NRL

• HF Radar
• MultiStatic Network-CODAR
• NEOS Backbone GOMOOS, UNC, U. Maryland, NASA,
  VIMS, U. Darthmoth, Stevens
• Ship Tracking/SAR- CODAR, Applied Mathematics Inc.

• Gliders
• Autonomous Control Webb Reserch Inc.,
• Red-Tide Tracking Mote, Cal-Poly, NRL

• Modeling
• Physical/Bio-Optical Modeling FERI, NASA
• Sediment Transport USGS, WHOI

Together these components will form the backbone
of the Big American Coastal Ocean Network
BACON
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What will we do with the BACON?
A) National Ecosystem Experimental Demos
NEED
B) Coastal Ocean Observatory Research Studies
COORS
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What kind of COORS should we do?
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Rutgers University Robert Chant Scott Glenn John
Reinfelder Oscar Schofield John Wilkins Univ. of
Boston Robert Chen Mung Zhou Lamont
Doherty Robert Houghton Cal-Poly Mark
Moline Univ. Gainseville Tom Frazer FERI Paul
Bissett
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I walk into our control room, with its panoply
of views of the sea. There are the updated global
pictures from the remote sensors on satellites,
there the evolving maps of subsurface variables,
there the charts that show the position and
status of all our Slocum scientific platforms,
and I am satisfied that we are looking at the
ocean more intensely and more deeply than anyone
anywhere else. - Henry
Stommel, The SLOCUM Mission 1989
We shall not cease from exploration. And the end
of all our exploring, Will be to arrive where we
started And know the place for the first time.
T.S. Elliot
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Photon Budgets, Photon Budgets, Photon
Budgets (We are optical accountants)
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Long Range CODAR/ADCP Comparison
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GPS Synchronization Bistatic
Ship to Shore
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Bragg Peaks from a Moving Transmitter (4.66 MHz)
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R/V Endeavor Ship Track (December 2001)
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Tracking the R/V EndeavorDecember 2, 2001
Solid Lines Are GPS Track Points Are Radar Track

• Radial velocity (range rate) from Doppler is
  most accurate
• Range quantized in 10 km steps
• No attempt yet at track precision
  improvement with Kalman filter algorithm