FINGERPRINTING NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE BIODIVERSITY IN THE UNITED STATES: PHASE I

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FINGERPRINTING NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE
BIODIVERSITYIN THE UNITED STATES PHASE I THE
WESTERN US
Tom Stohlgren, Catherine Jarnevich, Tracy Davern
(USGS), Mohammed Kalkhan, Jim Graham, Greg
Newman, Alycia Crall, Paul Evangelista Sara
Simonson, and David Barnett (CSU), with help from
. . . Rick Shory, Mohammed Kalkhan, Hilary
Drucker, Jon Freeman, Ginger Bradshaw, Sara
Simonson (NREL), John Kartesz (BONAP), Bruce
Peterjohn, Pam Fuller (USGS), Curt Flather
(USFS), John Schnase, Neal Most, Jeff Morisette,
Jeff Pedelty, Ed Sheffner, Woody Turner (NASA)
and many others!
Main Project Web Page http//www.NIISS.org
Created Aug. 16, 2006
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National Institute of Invasive Species Science
An interagency and non-government consortium
The Heinz Center
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Invasive Species the 1 environmental threat of
the 21st Century
Economic costs (120B/yr), environmental costs,
and costs to human health.
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Risk Assessment and Early Detection Needs
Site
Need to know 1. Current distribution and
abundance (Hi-resolution), 2. Data
completeness, 3. Potential distribution and
abundance, 4. Past and potential rates of
spread, 5. Risks/Impacts (env. econ. human
health) 6. Containment potential 7. Opportunity
costs 8. Legal mandates To select Priority
Species and Priority Sites
County, State, Region
Nation
Rarely done
Stohlgren, T.J., and J. Schnase. 2006.
Biological Hazards What we need to know about
invasive species. Risk Assessment Journal.
26163-173.
Requires modeling
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Modeling Invasive Weeds using Remote Sensing An
example using Tamarix sp.
30m
30m
Landsat TM
? North
California
30m
R20.89
Tracy Davern, Masters Thesis, Dept. Forest,
Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Effects of Habitat Heterogeneity on Native and
Nonnative Plant Species Richness
Plant species richness (n 79, 0.1 ha) Models w/o Habitat Heterogeneity Models with Habitat Heterogeneity
Native Adj. R2 0.24 Adj. R2 0.43
Non-native Adj. R2 0.53 Adj. R2 0.70
Low
High

• Kumar, S., Stohlgren, T.J., and Chong, G.W.
  2006. Spatial heterogeneity influences native and
  nonnative plant species richness. Ecology (In
  Press).

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Effects of Habitat Heterogeneity on Butterfly
Species Richness
Response variable Models w/o Habitat Heterogeneity Models with Habitat Heterogeneity
Butterfly species richness (n 76, 0.1 ha) Adj. R2 0.54 Adj. R2 0.62
Landsat TM
High
Low
Fritillary
Monarch

• Kumar, S., S. Simonson, and Stohlgren, T.J.
  2007. Spatial heterogeneity influences butterfly
  species richness. (In Preparation).

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Thanks NASA- Lots of Data Contributors
Legend
Gunnison Gorge Data
La Junta Tamarix Mapping

• PLUS National Scale Datasets
• BONAP plant data (USDA Plants database).
• Breeding Bird Survey Data
• Fish data (NatureServe USGS)
• NASA Landsat MODIS

Tamarix Mapping
North Dakota Dept. of Agriculture
Minnesota Dept. of Agriculture
Crow Reservation Data
California Weed Mapping Data
SAVEM Monitoring Data
GLIN Zebra Mussel Data
CBM Data
Rocky Mountain NP Data
Grand Staircase Escalante Data
LaCreek NWR Data
San Pablo Bay NWR Data
Trempaleau NWR Data
Debeque, CO Tamarix Data
National Elk Refuge
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Non-native Species Established in Species-Rich
Counties
Stohlgren, T.J., D. Barnett, C. Flather, J.
Kartesz, and B. Peterjohn. 2005. Plant species
invasions along the latitudinal gradient in the
United States. Ecology 86 2298-2309.
Stohlgren, T.J., D. Barnett, C. Flather, P.
Fuller, B. Peterjohn, J. Kartesz, and L.L.
Master. 2005. Species richness and patterns of
invasion in plants, birds, and fishes in the
United States. Biological Invasions 8 427-457.
Non-native Plant Species Density (/km2)
Native Plant Species Density (/km2)
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• We learned how to correct for poorly sampled
  areas how do deal with limited data.
• 171 well-surveyed counties produced the similar
  models as 3000 counties.

Jarnevich, CS, D Barnett, TJ Stohlgren and J
Kartez. 2006. Filling in the gaps from native
diversity to invasion patterns in the United
States. Diversity and Distributions (In Press).
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Time series of plant invasions in the Pacific
Northwest Native Versus Non-native Plants
Richness in counties
Year Slope of Line Intercept R2
1930 0.03 -4.4 0.21
1960 0.05 9.6 0.27
1990 0.06 36.2 0.3
2005 0.07 58.3 0.28
Stohlgren, T.J., D.Barnett, C. Flather, S. Kumar,
C.Jarnevich, and J. Kartesz. 2007. The myth of
community saturation. (In Prep).
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Mechanisms of Plant invasions the role of
species-area and heterogeneity
Alpha diversity at two scales for native and
non-native species and Beta diversity across
vegetation types for native and non-native species
Spring
Wet Meadow UT
Irrigated Shortgrass Steppe
Willow
Aspen CO
Disturbed Pinyon-Juniper
Shortgrass Steppe Upland
Average gain in species from 100m2 plots to
1000m2 plots In 36 vegetation types in the
central Unites States.
Stohlgren, T.J., C. Jarnevich, G.W. Chong, and
P.H. Evangelista. 2006. Scale and plant
invasions a theory of biotic acceptance. Preslia
(In Press).
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MODIS has increased value . . .
If you have lots of field data!
Morisette, J.T., C.S. Jarnevich, J.A. Pedelty, A.
Ullah, W. Cai, T. Stohlgren, J. Gentle, J.L.
Schnase. 2006. A tamarisk habitat niche map for
the continental USA. For Frontiers in Ecology and
the Environment. 1114-17
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We knew what scientists liked, but what did the
people in the field want?
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Our Sea-change Grass Roots Listening
Legend
Gunnison Gorge Data
La Junta Tamarix Mapping

• What clients want
• tools to collect/store field data
• data management help on the web
• simple GIS see my points
• simple mapping tools
• some predictive modeling
• watch lists
• strategies which species, which areas, and HOW
  DO I KILL IT!
• all this help and information FREE, on the Web!

Tamarix Mapping
North Dakota Dept. of Agriculture
Minnesota Dept. of Agriculture
Crow Reservation Data
California Weed Mapping Data
SAVEM Monitoring Data
GLIN Zebra Mussel Data
CBM Data
Rocky Mountain NP Data
Grand Staircase Escalante Data
LaCreek NWR Data
San Pablo Bay NWR Data
Trempaleau NWR Data
Debeque, CO Tamarix Data
National Elk Refuge
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National Institute of Invasive Species Science
(www.NIISS.org)
What is the NIISS? The National Institute of
Invasive Species Science is a USGS-led consortium
of governmental and non-governmental partners
whose vision is to provide national leadership in
the area of invasive species science and work
with others to disseminate and synthesize current
and accurate data and research to detect,
predict, and reduce the effects of harmful
non-native plants, animals, and diseases in
ecosystems and natural areas throughout the
United States. Our mission is to develop
cooperative approaches for invasive species
science to meet the urgent needs of land managers
and the public.
From the field . . .
1.

• Providing toolkits to citizen scientists,
  agencies, non-government groups, states, and
  Tribes.
• Providing training.
• Assisting with integrated assessments and
  quality control.

To Fight Invasive Species . . .

• The website integrated with forecasting
  capabilities will provide a decision support
  system for adaptive management to prioritize
  species and areas through iterative analysis as
  new data are uploaded.
• This system will allow communities to engage in
  cooperation with government and non-government
  organizations.

To the database . . .
From the field . . .
2.

• Users input data into the Global Organism
  Detection and Monitoring System, which accepts,
  stores and integrates data on species locations
  and abundance, habitat data, and treatments.
• Its a global, web-based system for real time
  accessibility to data.

To Forecasting Systems . . .

4.
To the Web . . .
Join the Partnership

3.

• In 2007, the database will be seamlessly linked
  to our NASA-USGS Invasive Species Forecasting
  System and web-based decision support environment
  that combines field data with satellite and other
  environmental data to generate landscape- and
  regional-scale predictive maps of invasive
  species distributions and potential habitat.

• Interactive living maps of invasive species
  distributions.
• Query the database by species, project, or
  location.
• Browse species profiles, maps, photographs, or
  control information for species or areas of
  interest.

CONTACT INFORMATION Tom Stohlgren, Branch Chief,
U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science
Center, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
80523, Tel. [phone] Fax [phone],
tom_stohlgren_at_usgs.gov
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological
Survey
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With the help of citizen scientists
Oregon
Non-native Plant Species Inventory Hart Mountain
National Antelope Refuge
Size 288,000 acres Min elevation 4480 Max
elevation 8065
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• Weed Mapping with Volunteers
• Explain objectives, limitations
• GPS training
• Structured datasheets (palmtops) EcoNab and
  EcoNab-Lite
• Species ID tools and pictures
• one professional in each group
• provide test sessions
• data input to larger database
• see the dots, maps, and models

National Bison Range

• Add Professional Layer
• Verify observations
• Evaluate sources of error
• Add vegetation plots (stratified random and
  gradient plots)
• Integrate data, maps, and models.
• Share results and make recommendations for
  future surveys, control, and restoration.

San Pablo Bay NWR
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intensive data, one of many tables in
relational database
extensive data, also part of same relational
database
EcoNab Software
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Polygons

1. You need plot and polygon data for accurate
   models.
2. You need a mix of volunteers and professionals to
   cover large areas.
3. You need a mix of field work and modeling.

Barnett, D. T.J. Stohlgren, and C. Jarnevich.
2006. The art and science of weed mapping. For
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. (In
Press).
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Watch Lists for States, Counties, Parks,
Tribes, Ranchers, and Farmers.
Jarnevich C. 2006. Estimating vulnerability to
invasion based on county occurrence and
environmental characteristics. (In Prep).
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Watch Lists for States, Counties, Parks,
Tribes, Ranchers, and Farmers.
Akebia quinata (chocolate vine)
Iterative Sampling for Invasive species
Jarnevich C. 2006. Estimating vulnerability to
invasion based on county occurrence and
environmental characteristics. (In Prep).
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Predicting Invasive Species Into New Territory
Colorado as a case study
Sign-up for E-mail Alerts For species and areas
of interest.

• Prioritizing Criteria
• Proximity
• Habitat Similarities
• Life History Traits
• Threats
• Control Methods

Drucker, Hilary. 2006, DEVELOPING REGIONAL
INVASIVE SPECIES WATCH LISTS COLORADO AS A CASE
STUDY Masters Thesis. Colorado State
University.
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www.NIISS.org
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Range of Field Tools
Manual entry
Automatic upload
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Upload and Add
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Database Design
Who When
Where
What
Organizations
Organism To Area
Projects
Taxon Units
Area (Name, Code)
Visit (Date)
Organism Data (TSN)
Spatial Data (X, Y)
Treatments
Attributes
Pathways
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Data Integration and Download
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Online Living Maps of Species
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Coming soon!
Mc Elmo Creek
CORTEZ, CO
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Preliminary Model of Potential Spread in 10 Years
Control/ Restoration Monitoring Sites
Early Detection Rapid Response Sites
Priority Survey Sites
Containment Boundary
10 Years
We want to automate this process and serve it on
the web for free!
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• What clients want
• tools to collect/store field data
• data management help on the web
• simple GIS see my points
• simple mapping tools
• some predictive modeling
• watch lists
• strategies which species, which areas, and HOW
  DO I KILL IT!
• all thins help and information FREE, on the Web!

• Plans for next year
• Continue to Fingerprinting the Biodiversity of
  the Western U.S. and Publish papers on modeling
  approaches, measuring habitat heterogeneity, and
  community saturation, broad-scale patterns of
  invasions.
• Fully adopt the Google model of bringing high
  quality invasive species data, information, and
  multiple spatial models, and scalable models to
  our clients for FREE. Expand work on our Global
  Organism Detection and Monitoring System
  (Cyberinfrastructure grant from NSF).
• Work with NASA to promote the Invasive Species
  Forecasting System (John Schnase and colleagues).
• Greatly expand volunteer citizen scientist
  network in the US Fish and Wildlife Refuge system
  (Partnership Grants from USFWS and USGS).

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Acknowledgements
For more information contact
Tom Stohlgren
National Institute of Invasive Species Science
USGS Fort Collins Science Center
Tom_Stohlgren_at_USGS.gov
http//www.niiss.org