NSSD:%20REPORT%20To%20Portfolio%20Committee:%20By%20%20Dr%20Silas%20Ramaite%20SC

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NSSD REPORT To Portfolio Committee By Dr
Silas Ramaite SC

• SCCU ADV SC JORDAAN SC
• WPU D ADAM
• SOCA ADV T MAJOKWENI
• PCLU ADV AR ACKERMANN SC

8 MARCH 2006
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SPECIALISED COMMERCIAL CRIME UNIT
ADV CHRIS JORDAAN SC HEAD SCCU

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INTRODUCTION

• The SCCU has again exceeded all expectations
  in the area of service delivery.
• The Main Area of activity has been the
  Investigation and Prosecution of Complex
  Commercial crime.

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PART I Performance Against Targets 1/4/04
31/03/05

• Transformation and Developing Skilled Staff

31 MARCH 2004 31 MARCH 2004 31 MARCH 2005 31 MARCH 2005 31 December 2005 31 December 2005
BLACK FEMALES 23.08 48.72 24.29 60 26.25 62.5
BLACK MALES 25.64 48.72 35.71 60 36.25 62.5
WHITE FEMALES 28.20 51.28 17.14 40 20 37.5
WHITE MALES 23.08 51.28 22.86 40 17.5 37.5
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Continued

• Ensuring speedy and effective prosecutions,
  linked to properly co-ordinated managed
  investigations and prosecutions
• Total Average Court Hours - 4hours 41 minutes
  (Target 4h 19 minutes per day) - Target exceeded
  by 8.82
• 90 Section 105A agreements successfully concluded
• Turnaround times (registration to finalisation
  122,6 days per case
• Case load per prosecutor 62.16 (Target Not more
  than 50 cases per prosecutor)
• Workflow Production

03/04 04/05
Cases Finalised 1357 1772
Convictions 491 653
Conviction Rate 94,97 94,78
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Continued

• INCREASED ACCESS
• SCCU active in 4 regions Pta, Jhb, Durban and
  PE.
• Durban commenced 14/8/04 PE 19/07/04.
• Planning for the roll out to Cape Town and
  Bloemfontein commenced.
• Prosecution of RAF cases is a project undertaken
  by the SCCU. Two additional prosecutors were
  appointed in Durban and PE.
• Other SAPS commercial branches also ad hoc
  assisted on request.

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Progress Report Current Financial Year

• Court Utilization (Court Hours)
• Target 4,31 hours per day (4 h 19 min per day)
• Current output Average 4,88 hours per day
  (4h53min per day) (Target exceeded by 13,22)
  (04/05 4h41min)
• Pretoria Average 5h42 per day
• Johannesburg Average 4h35 per day
• Durban Average 4h06 per day
• Port Elizabeth Average 4h44 per day

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Progress Report Current Financial Year

• Workflow and Production
• Case Load per prosecutor in the different
  centres as at 31 December 2005 61.2
  cases per prosecutor (1.54 improvement on
  previous year)
• Target Not more than 50
• Turn Around Times (from date enrolled to date
  finalised) 165.24 days per case
• Target 75-100 of previous year (Base line
  for previous year 177 days per case)

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Progress Report Current Financial
Combined Workflow SCCU 2004/2005 1 April 2005 31 Dec 2005
Total
New dockets registered 3077 2106
Cases enrolled for trial 935 883
Acquittals 36 42
Convictions 653 708
Sentences 635 680
Conviction rate 94.78 94.4
Cases withdrawn 213 214
Cases closed (Nolle Prosequi) 888 809
Outstanding cases on court roll 843 927
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Progress Report Current Financial Year

• High Profile Cases
• In many cases, the accused were sentenced to
  periods of imprisonment ranging from 12 to 23
  years effective imprisonment.
• Several high profile cases are being
  investigated or are pending on the court rolls,
  including prosecutions of members of the DSO,
  high ranking police officials and other civil
  servants as well as well known businessmen.

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Progress Report Current Financial Year
FOUR of the above cases should be mentioned A
R21.5m investment scheme, State v Procopos in
which an agreement in terms of section 105A of
Act 51 of 1977 was reached and the accused
sentenced to 12years imprisonment. A case
expected to set legal precedent is State v
Kalmeyer an international kidney trafficking
scam, enrolled at the SCCU Durban. Donors from
Brazil were recruited by a syndicate to supply
kidneys for rich Israeli patients. State v
Porrit has been described as one of the most
sophisticated investment scams yet. The 1400 page
indictment proffers 3160 counts ranging from
fraud, racketeering and other statutory
offences. State v Ghavalas in which the accused
is charged with pension fund fraud involving
R400m. The matter is still under investigation.
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Challenges Priorities- 06/07

• Assisting in finalising the JE process and
  having all SCCU officials on the correct levels.
• Further increasing access to SCCU services,
  including finalisation of the rollout to Cape
  Town and Bloemfontein.
• Preparation for 2010
• Measuring employee and customer satisfaction
• Leveraging of stakeholder assistance
• Increase service delivery to customers
• Pro actively contributing to prevention of
  commercial crime (some projects are under way
  with the assistance of SABRIC)
• Enhancing IT usage and support through
  upgrading, training and moving toward virtual
  courts, with as a first priority video
  conferencing facilities.

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WITNESS PROTECTION UNIT
DAWOOD ADAM HEAD WPU
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SUMMARY OF PERFOMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
TARGETS 2004-2005

• Nationally Enhanced Confidence in WPU,
  Increased Demand Services Acclaimed.
• Internationally Enhanced Confidence in RSA
  WPU Acclaimed.
• NO witnesses or related persons Threatened,
  Harmed or Assassinated since December 2000 (4
  years).
• Reduction in number of Grievances Dropped
  from 90 in 2001/2002 to 3 in 2004/2005.
• Reduction in number of Voluntary Walk
  Offs from Programme Dropped from 40 2001/2002
  to 6 in 2004/2005.

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SUMMARY OF PERFOMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
TARGETS 2004-2005

• Reduce Cycle Time stay on programme, Dropped
  from 4 years in 2001/2002 to 2.5 years in
  2004/2005.
• Set World Standards Acclaimed as Leader
  in Field of Witness Protection.
• Clean Bill of Health from Auditor General
  2001/2002 to 2004/2005 (3 years in row) in
  respect of Units Administration, Operations and
  Financial Management.
• Developed Specialized Internationally Acclaimed
  Operating Model to achieve mandate of Act,
  Objectives and key K.P.I and ensure excellence
  in Serivce Delivery.

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SUMMARY OF PERFOMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
TARGETS 2004-2005

• Developed Specialized Operational Training
  Course against SAQA and B. Teck standards Close
  Protection of Persons to Achieve Key K.P.I (No
  Threats/ Harm or Assassinations)
• Designed, Own Capacity Model and Lobbied
  Suppot for Phasing in Own Capacity for Unit. The
  Model is an International Best Practice due to
  Inherent Nature of Witness Protection, Critical
  for WPU
• Value for Money Enhance Investigtions and
  Prosecutions.
• JAIL TERMS 3 227 years
• LIFE SENTENCE 159

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PROGRESS MADE ON PERFORMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
AND TARGETS FOR 2005 2006

• Nationally, Sustained Confidence in WPU,
  Increase Demand for Unit Service, Achievements
• Total Number of Witnesses and Related
  Persons on Programme as at 31/1/06 - 431.
  Witnesses 206 Related Persons 225. 70 section
  204 witness.
• Favourable Reports from Customers, Partners
  and Stakeholders.
• International, Achievement, Increased
  Confidence in RSA WPU, resulting in increased
  demand for RSA WPU Best Practices and its
  services / co- operation.

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PROGRESS MADE ON PERFORMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
AND TARGETS FOR 2005 2006

• No Witness or Related Persons Harmed or
  Assassinated since December 2000 5 years.
  One Threat, a section 204 witness child (Child
  Kidnapped).
• Reduction in number of Grievance, dropped
  from 90 2001 / 2002 to 1 in 2005 / 2006.
• Favorable Report, Feb 2006 from Public
  Protector all complaints / grievances, finding
  Unsubstantiated.
• Reduction in number of Voluntary Walk Offs
  from programme dropped from 6 in 2004 / 2005
  to 5 in 2005 / 2006.

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PROGRESS MADE ON PERFORMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
AND TARGETS FOR 2005 2006

• Cycle Time stay on programme, average time
  remained constant, 2.5 years, dispite sustained
  Fast Tracking initiatives of WPU cases.
• Setting World Standard Achievement
  Internationally acclaimed as Leader in Field of
  Witness Protection.
• Specialized Operating Model developed and
  60 Implemented.
• Challenge Budget Constraints. Operating
  Model Ensures 24 hours a day 7 days a Week
  Operations, Remove Witness from Danger Area
  Within 1 hour.

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PROGRESS MADE ON PERFORMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
AND TARGETS FOR 2005 2006

• 38 WPU Staff Achieved B. Tech Specialise
  OPS Training. (Majority of SAPS members) 31 to
  complete Outstanding Modules Training
  Suspended for 2005 2006, Budget Containtment.
  
• Phasing in Own Capacity through Absorbing
  existing 85 SAPS members Attached to WPU,
  CRITICAL CHALLENGE.
• Lack of Own Capacity Impacts on
  implementation of Section 6 of the Act.
• Public Protectors Report of Feb 2006 Own
  Capacity identified as a Priority for WPU.

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PROGRESS MADE ON PERFORMANCE AGAINST PRIORITIES
AND TARGETS FOR 2005 2006

• Value for Money Enhance Investigations and
  Prosecutions Co-Ordinated Law Enforcement
  acheivements
• Jail Terms 3555 years
• Life Sentences - 542

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OUTPUTS AND TARGETS AS SUBMITTED FOR ENE FOR THE
PERIOD 2005/2006

• OUTPUT Efficient and Effective Support
  Services to Vulnerable and Intimidated Witnesses
  and Related Persons on the programme.
• NO Witnesses or Related Persons on the
  programme to be Threatened, Harmed or
  Assassinated TARGET ZERO ACHIEVED.
• Number of witnesses Voluntary Walking Off the
  programme 12 TARGET ZERO TARGET NOT
  ACHIEVED- Problematic Witnesses, High Flyers.
• REDUCTION in Number of Grievances Reduced to
  1 TARGET ACHIEVED.

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OUTPUTS AND TARGETS AS SUBMITTED FOR THE FOR THE
PERIOD 2005/2006

• OUTPUT Fast Tracking of WPU cases within CJS
  Reduce Cycle Time of witnesses Stay on
  programme.
• OUTPUT Enhance Investigations and
  Prosecution, witness on programme providing
  Essential Evidence. Target 90 of cases
  Achievement 95 of cases Target Exceeded.

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MAJOR PRIORITIES 2006/2007

• CONTINOUS Redesign and Transformation of WPU
  to Ensure Excellent in Service Delivery and to
  Achieve Strategic Objectives
• FURTHER developing and Sustaining Sleek World
  Class Operating Model and Setting World
  Standards.
• DEVELOP and Phase in Own Capacity, Sustain
  Specialized Training Current and Future and to
  Procure Specialized Equipment supporting
  training due to inherent nature of Witness
  Protection.
• SUSTAIN Clean Bill of Health from Auditor
  General.

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MAJOR PRIORITIES 2006/2007

• SUSTAIN Efficient and Effective Support
  Services to Vulnerable and Intimidated
  Witnesses, Related Person, Law Enforcement and
  Prosecutions, Nationally and Internationally
  Revitalise Batho Pele.
• EFFECTIVE and Efficient Administration,
  Operations and Financial Management. To Ensure
  Cost Effectiveness and Value for Money.
• CONTINUE Lobbing for Appropriate Budget to meet
  Demand for Services, the Impact of Inflation on
  Budget and need to provide Aftercare, Develop
  World Standards and phase in Own Capacity.

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SEXUAL OFFENCES AND COMMUNITY AFFAIRS
ADV THOKO MAJOKWENI HEAD SOCA UNIT
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THE AREAS OF FOCUS ARE THE FOLLOWING

• Rape
• Other forms of Sexual Exploitation
• Forced and early marriages
• Trafficking in women and children involving
  labour, sexual and other violence
• Destructive Female Genital Mutilation
• Domestic Violence
• HIV/AIDS in relation to Human trafficking,
  Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
• Maintenance
• Child Justice

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THE ANTI-RAPE STRATEGY PROJECT GOVERNANCE
STRUCTURE
Cabinet Committee Social Cluster
IMCS Inter Ministerial Committee on Safety,
Security and Intelligence
Joint DG Cluster Justice and Social
DG NDPP Lead Department
Civil Society Reference Group
Government Reference Group
IDMTInterdepartmental Management Team Led by
SOCA
Programme Office
Research Steering Committee
Project Investment and Analysis
Project Crisis Management
Project Good Practice
Advice Input Reporting
Survive and Fix the Bad
Accelerate the Good
Build the New
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MATRIX FOR ACTION FOR THE ANTI-RAPE STRATEGY
CHOICES NEED TO BE MADE ABOUT WHERE TO DISTRIBUTE
ENERGY AND RESOURCES
What is Bad?
What is Good?
What is Missing?

• Lack of safe places - situational and
  environmental
• High backlog in cases
• Limited roll out of services to rural areas

• Education campaigns
• Thuthuzelas, SO courts, Victim-friendly spaces in
  police stations
• Victim empowerment initiatives

• A profile of offenders and victims
• Blueprint to fix CJS for effectiveness in dealing
  with rape cases
• Relevant and systematic support

Prevention
Reaction
Support

• A balance must be found across the actions
• Key choices need to be made in terms of how to
  prioritise which department needs to react

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PILLAR 1 PREVENTION THE PREVENTION AGENDA IS
THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE ANTI RAPE STRATEGY
Reduce the Incidence of Actual Rape

• Focus on offenders and victims
• behavioral issues
• belief issues
• social issues
• Systematic reduction is long term in nature
• Benefits accrue on an ongoing basis
• some immediate actions already possible
• short medium and long term actions will arise
  from analysis

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PILLAR 2 - REACTION CHOICES NEED TO BE MADE
ABOUT THE DESIRED OUTCOMES OF THE CJS SPEED,
COST AND CONVICTION

• The overall objectives should be designed to
  improve the CJS over the long term relative
  trade-offs are necessary between objectives. It
  is unlikely that evolutionary change can
  fundamentally restructure the performance

• Accepting delays
• Clearing cases within time limits

• Capacity scheduling
• Utilisation

System Reconfiguration
NPA JUSTICE
SOCIAL WELFARE
HEALTH
POLICE
Cost
Conviction

• Usage of DNA testing
• Victim empowerment Prep

• The CJS can only be redesigned once we know what
  it should achieve

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CONVICTION RATES APRIL O4 APRIL 05 A MEASURE
OF SUCCESS AND ACCOUNTABILITY GENERATION FOR
OFFENDERSJ COURT IS THE COURT THAT IN THIS
PERIOD EXCLUSIVELY DEALT WITH TCC CASES
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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS FOR 2005/2006

• IMPLEMENTING THE ANTI-RAPE STRATEGY MATRIX FOR
  ACTION
• The continuous upgrading of dedicated courts
  for Sexual Offences for blue print compliance
  13 courts added to 54 totaling 67
• Improving systemic capacity 898
  multi-disciplinary role-players underwent skills
  development through SOCA
• Establishment of 5 more multidisciplinary care
  centres (Thuthuzela Care Centres Umlazi,
  Phoenix, Mamelodi, Natalspruit - Katorus area
  and Mafikeng )
• The total of child and adult victims/survivors
  attended to at the TCCs following the blue
  print model
• 2005-2006 5000 new rape cases 3000 other
  sexual and domestic violence
• 2004-2005 2600 new rape cases 1600 other
  sexual and domestic violence
• Victim Support Services
• established an inter-sectoral team to draft a
  uniform protocol for all service providers not
  covered under the Victims charter
• appointment of site coordinators in all 10
  TCCs as well as Victim Assistance Officers and
  Case Managers

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS FOR 2005/2006

• PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWRENESS CAMPAIGNS ALL
  PROVINCES
• Adopt a School Project continues to be a
  success and more prosecutors are visiting
  schools and mentoring children with increased
  ownership of the communities they serve
• Speak out campaign on human rights affecting
  women and children 356 478 learners in 450
  schools in the previous year and focused on
  community leaders for the year under review. We
  reached 477 leaders in Upington, Bloemfontein,
  Parow, Odi, George and, Nelspruit.
• 48 Representative Traditional leaders from 6
  Provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders as well
  as the National house were trained on their role
  on violence against women and children as well
  as children as offenders. They are in the
  process of developing uniform procedure manuals
  in this regard.
• 16 Traditional Ambassadors were nominated to be
  the representatives of traditional leaders in
  NPA/SOCA outreach programmes in all provinces

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS FOR 2005/2006

• INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF DIVERTED CHILD
  OFFENDERS AND A DECREASE IN RESIDIVISM
• July 1999 March 2005 89425
• April 04 March 05 18523
• April 05 December 05 26370
• July 1999 December 2005 115 795

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PRIORITIES FOR 2006/07

• Provinsialisation
• Ensuring a mainstreamed focus on human
  trafficking sexual and gender based violence in
  the regions by capacitating offices of directors
  of public prosecutions with SOCA personnel to
  initiate and maintain such focus, starting with
  three regions namely Western Cape (highest number
  of child offenders and rape cases overall second
  only to Gauteng), Eastern Cape (poorest and most
  under resourced province) and KwaZulu Natal
  (highest number of child rapes).
• THUTHUZELA care centres and dedicated courts
  for sexual offences
• In line with our vision of all rape cases to be
  heard in dedicated courts by 2010, the unit
  intends to intensify the role our process for
  sexual offences courts and Thuthuzela care
  centres. At least 18 TCCs are to be in place be
  end 2006 and a 100 courts by end 2006.
• Skills development
• The systemic capacity is defined by a number of
  skilled people required to operationalise it.
  Staff turnover and general lack of expertise
  demands the process of skills development a
  continuous process. We expect to train 150 role
  players of which 100 will be prosecutors in the
  first quarter.

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PRIORITIES FOR 2006/07

• Effective and efficient maintenance process
• An expeditious and effective maintenance system
  can play a role in the evaluation of poverty for
  women and children thus allowing the NPA to
  actualise its bias for the poor. Our competitive
  advantage is that we have 10 senior maintenance
  prosecutors who can focus on this outcome and
  create efficiency in at least 15 courts
  nationally.
•  
• Public education programs
• The SOCA Unit has in partnership with the SABC
  and Unicef crafted a program to empower 45 girl
  children as mentors and role models for girl
  children in the country. This program will reach
  1000 girls in all provinces by the end of 2006.
  The second project is the speak-out industrial
  play which will be role out to at least 100
  schools by the first quarter. The third project
  will focus on adult workshops in 9 identified
  communities one per province. We will initiate a
  boys movement on violence against women and
  children, targeting 100 boys per province.
  
•  

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PRIORITY CRIMES LITIGATION UNIT
ADV ANTON ACKERMANN SC HEAD PCLU
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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2004 / 2005

• 1. TRC Prosecutions
• Audit of 300 cases on hand in NPA structures.
• Closure of 167 cases. No grounds for
  prosecution.
• Prosecutions instituted in S v Terreblanche, S
  v Blani and S v Nieuwoudt 2 Others.
• Further prosecutions put on hold in November
  2004 pending the formulation of guidelines.
• Assistance provided to reconvene Motherwell
  amnesty hearing.
• Constitutional Court grants State leave to
  appeal in S v Wouter Basson.

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2004 / 2005

• 2. Missing Persons
• TRC reports 477 cases.
• Researcher appointed to audit report.
• 150 cases justifying investigation identified.
• 3. Nuclear Proliferation
• (i) S v Asher Karni
• Urgent assistance given to US Government to
  Investigate the import and export of nuclear
  devices from Cape Town. Assistance results in
  the arrest and conviction in the USA of an
  accused. US Government formally commends PCLU.

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2004 / 2005

• (ii) S v Geiges Wisser
• PCLU instrumental in exposure of South African
  businesses linked to an international syndicate
  supplying Libya with nuclear weapons technology.
  Two directors of a local company charged.
  Prosecution pending.
• 4. Proliferation of Chemical and Biological
  Warfare Agents
• PCLU institutes first ever prosecution for this
  type of offence. Company pleads guilty and
  convicted.
• 5. National and International Terrorism
• Advice given to SAPS, NIA and DFA in several
  matters.
• 6. Statute of Rome
• A number of enquiries attended to

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2004 / 2005

• 7. Foreign Military Assistance
• Attempt to overthrow the Government of
  Equatorial Guinea
• PCLU manages investigation into the involvement
  of South African citizens. Three South Africans
  and one UK citizen are arrested and plead
  guilty in terms of section 105A of Act 51 of
  1977.
• South Africans Performing Security Services in
  Iraq
• A number of enquiries conducted but problems
  with the existing legislation identified. PCLU
  recommends amendment of Act.

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2005 / 2006

• 1. TRC Prosecutions
• Failure to finalise guidelines results in no
  further prosecutions being instituted.
• Late 2005 Constitutional Court sets aside TPD
  and SCA rulings in respect of jurisdiction for
  conspiracies for external crimes in S v Wouter
  Basson.
• 2. Missing Persons
• Remains of 23 victims located and exhumed.
  Forensic analysis in progress to confirm
  identities.
• Official hand-over of remains of five victims
  at special national ceremony.
• Financial assistance provided to families.
• Liaison with stakeholders re memorialisation.
• Partnership with Argentine forensic
  anthropology team.

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2005 / 2006

• Missing Persons continues
• Local capacity building project launched.
• Initiatives to develop specialised DNA
  analysis.
• Partnerships with civil society.
• Assistance provided to Namibia in respect of
  recent discovery of mass graves.
• 3. Nuclear Proliferation
• S v Geiges Wisser
• Provisional indictment served. Accused appeared
  in Pretoria High Court in May 2005.
  Investigations continue.
• Three other cases within international
  implications under investigation.

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2005 / 2006

• 4. Foreign Military Assistance
• The plot to overthrow the Government of
  Equatorial Guinea
• Two further accused convicted and sentenced.
  Nine further accused to stand trial in August
  2006.
• Security services in Iraq
• Problems identified with proposed amendments to
  the Act. These still have to be addressed.
• 5. Conventional Arms
• Shipping company pleads guilty to conveying
  conventional arms destined for the Middle East
  without permits.
• Employee of arms manufacturer acquitted on
  charges for supplying his companys technology
  to a foreign military power.
• A number of alleged irregularities with Armscor
  and the Directorate of Conventional Arms Control
  under investigation.
• Less serious cases put on hold due to staff
  constraints.

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PERFORMANCE AGAINST TARGETS 2005 / 2006

• 6. Matters Impacting on State Security
• PCLU advises national and international bodies
  of shortcomings in existing legislation.
• PCLU provides briefing to Standing Committee of
  United Nations Security Council.

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MAJOR PRIORITIES FOR 2006/2007

• 1. TRC CASES
• Guidelines approved.
• Finalisation of process essential.
• Five cases with good prosecution prospects
  identified.
• Ten cases warrant further investigation.
• Press statement by NDPP leads to requests by
  victims to investigate further matters.
• Liaison with other State departments and
  Directors of Public Prosecution essential to
  finalise cases.
• 2. MISSING PERSONS
• Additional staff appointed.
• Pace of investigations and exhumations to be
  accelerated.
• Policy must be formulated concerning cases
  outside the borders of the Republic.

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MAJOR PRIORITIES FOR 2006/2007

• Missing Persons continues..
• Development of local forensic team with
  relevant skills prioritised.
• Integration with memorialisation structures.
• Cooperation with other Government departments
  and stakeholders.
• Development of additional DNA capacity.
• Additional assistance to Namibia may be
  required.

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MAJOR PRIORITIES FOR 2006/2007

• 3. Nuclear Proliferation
• Four similar matters to be prioritized.
• 4. Foreign Military Assistance
• Plot to overthrow the Government of Equatorial
  Guinea Prioritizing outstanding prosecutions.
• Security Services in Iraq Awaiting amendments
  to the Act.
• 5. Matters Affecting State Security
• PCLU intends making recommendations to amend
  legislation.
• PCLU prioritizing coordinated law enforcement
  approach.

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THE END
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