Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies

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Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies
Wind Energy Generation
Lucille Olszewski Jim Sonnenmeier
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Todays Topics

• Energy
• Environment
• Renewable energy generation WIND
• Where does wind come from?
• Why wind?
• Impacts
• Educational aspects

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Why is Energy Critical ?

• How many things in your house run on electricity
  ?
• How many dont ?
• Electricity is fundamental to our WORLD !

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Questions

• Where do we get our Energy ?

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Forms of Generation
OTHERS ?
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Regional Sources of Electricity
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WATTS IN A LIGHT?
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Electrical Energy
POTENTIAL
measured in
Electricity has
VOLTS
It also has
CURRENT
AMPS
measured in
Electric Power is measured in
WATTS
WATTS VOLTS X AMPS
1kW 1000 W 10 100 W lightbulbs
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Questions

• Where do we get our Energy ?
• What are the environmental impacts ?

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We need to protect our Environment
Environmental stewardship is the RESPONSIBILITY
of society Allowing all people to benefit from
energy and technology Securing resources for
future generations
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It is frightening what we do to the land In
order to generate our electricity !
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Other reasons why new energy sources are needed
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Questions

• Where do we get our Energy ?
• What are the environmental impacts ?
• Where does wind fit in ?

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Renewable Energy Generation
Renewable energy sustainable resources which
are not destroyed when their energy is extracted,
encompassing technologies that harness natural
phenomena, such as sunlight, wind, waves, water
flow, biological processes, and geothermal heat
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• Some Renewable
• Energy Choices
• Geothermal
• Solar
• Fuel cells
• Biomass
• Wind

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WIND

• Fastest growing renewable energy sector
• Zero-emissions renewable power technology
• Has support of the State and Federal governments
• Alternative energy, especially wind energy, is
  soaring to new heights
• Edward Rendell, Governor PA, June, 2006
• I recognize the importance of wind power... Its
  possible we could generate up to 20 of our
  electricity needs through wind.
• President George Bush, January 2006

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Your Fathers Wind Turbine?

• Dutch Windmills
• Used for water pumping
• Wind energy turns an Archimedes Screw to pump
  water to a higher elevation
• A polder is a tract of land reclaimed by
  pumping out water with dikes as embankments to
  live and farm on

http//arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap/1997_images/dutch
09.jpg
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Kinderdijk, Netherlands(19 Windmills Built
around 1740)
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageKinderdijkMolen
s_klein.jpg
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What is Wind Energy Generation?
It is an energy conversion process
Kinetic Energy
Mechanical Energy
Electrical Energy
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How does it work?
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Parts of a turbine
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Some are BIG!
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Types of Wind Energy Systems

• Utility scale wind farming
• Generate to supply utility grid or community
• Turbine size 100 kW up to 2.5 MW

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Large Wind Turbines
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ALTAMONT PASS, CA
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Types of Wind Energy Systems

• Small wind systems
• Typically under 100 KW
• Supplement/replace energy from utility
• Distributed generation
• Back-up power using battery banks
• Sell back to utility

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Small Wind Turbines
(Not to scale)
Southwest Windpower Sky Stream 1.8 KW
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MOVIES
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A Global Perspective of Wind Energy
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USA - as of June 2008 installed MW
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Questions

• Where do we get our Energy ?
• What are the environmental impacts ?
• Where does wind fit in ?
• Where does wind come from ?

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WIND

• Winds are NOT simply a local phenomenon
• Local wind comes from interaction of
• Global winds jet stream
• Regional winds due to day/night temps
• Local terrain hills, valleys
• Surface roughness buildings, trees, crops
• All winds are due to heating the earth !

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Power in the Wind (W/m2)
Area ? r2
Density P/(R x T) P - pressure (Pa) R - gas
constant (287 J/kgK) T - air temperature (K)
Speed
kg/m3
m2
m/s
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Energy Variation with Terrain
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100
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Wind Resource Data describing wind

• wind speed
• wind direction
• different heights
• temperature, pressure

Wind is Site Specific
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Wind Resource Data describing wind

• Annual Average wind speed
• Seasonal variations
• Other averages
• Monthly
• Diurnal (over 24 hrs)

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Wind Resource Data describing wind
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Wind Resource Data Wind Speed Frequency
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Turbine Power Curve
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Connection Turbine vs Wind
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Wind Resource Dataother variables

• Turbulence intensity
• Gustiness
• Ti standard Deviation / mean wind speed
• 0.1 - 0.5 typical values
• Lower better
• Shear
• how the wind speed changes
• with height

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Wind Resource Data describing wind

• Wind Rose

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Wind Resource Maps
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WHY Wind?
Reduces Environmental Footprint
Clean Generation
Price wind is FREE
Fuel Diversity
Cool
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Drivers for Wind
Environmental Benefits
Energy Demand
Climate Change
Energy Costs
WIND ENERGY
Rural Economics
Energy Security
http//www.renewableenergyinfo.org/
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Wind PowerImpacts Issues

• Land Use
• Visual
• Noise
• Birds
• Communities need facts to make important
  decisions
• Hold wind power to comparable standards as other
  human activities

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Giant Cow Coolers
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Impacts of Wind PowerLand Use

• Land conservation
• Planning which areas are off-limits to
  roads/logging/wind turbines
• Primary impact is visual

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Impacts of Wind Power Visual

• Eye pollution or art ?
• Beauty is in the eye of the beholder !

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Impacts of Wind PowerNoise

• Modern turbines are relatively quiet
• Turbines are generally quieter than our meeting
  room !

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Impacts of Wind PowerBirds / Bats , Overview

• US national average for modern turbines
• One-two birds
• per turbine, per year

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Impacts of Wind PowerBirds, Comparative
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Impacts of Wind PowerSummary

• Primary impact is visual
• Well-sited wind power
• Balancing local impacts,
• global/regional benefits

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Education Standards

• Teaching the science and math skills,
  sustainability, environmental resources,
  illustrating careers
• PA Department of Education Standards for
• Environment and Ecology, Science and Technology
  and Career Education and Work
• http//www.pde.state.pa.us/stateboard_ed
  /
• Curricular resources

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Standards Connections

• Concept 1 - Identify and explain the role of
  alternative energy sources and their conversion
  for use in society.
• Concept 2 - Give examples of how energy can be
  transferred from one form to another.
• Concept 3 - Differentiate between potential and
  kinetic energy. Identify situations where
  kinetic energy is transformed into potential
  energy and vice versa.

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Standards Connections cont

• Concept 4 - Explain and utilize the steps of
  the engineering design process including the use
  of methods for representing solutions to a design
  problem. Recognize the parallel nature of the
  scientific method and the engineering design
  process.
• Concept 5 - Identify and map features of the
  earth that would be applicable to engineering
  alternative energy technologies wind, solar,
  hydro, geothermal.

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Standards Connections cont

• Concept 6 - Explain the process and mathematics
  of energy conversion and the science of wind
  (wind resource).
• Concept 7 - Explain the need for sustainable
  energy and the responsibility of society to
  preserve and protect the environment.
• Concept 8 - Discuss the need for new workers in
  the renewable energy field. Types of jobs, the
  kinds of training required.

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Careers in the Wind Industry

• Engineering
• Electrical , Geophysical , Structural ,
• Mechanical / Aerospace , Civil , Computers
• Business
• Banking , Finance , Marketing, Sales
• Law
• Land resources, Environmental , Permitting
• Meteorology
• Wind Resource assessment and Prediction
• Biology
• Flora, Fauna, Avian, water resources
• Science / R D
• Urban Development, Planning, Power Utilities

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QUESTIONS
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Thank you

• Acknowledgments
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
  Protection
• Penn State Erie, the Behrend College
• School of Engineering
• Office of Continuing Education

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PO Box 44212 Pittsburgh, PA 15205 Phone
412.922.5475 Email ThinkWind_at_verizon.net
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