Workshop on Statistics for MDG Indicators, 30 April 11 May 2005, Tehran

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Workshop on Statistics for MDG Indicators, 30
April - 11 May 2005, Tehran

• Module 2
• Presentation on Computation Exercise
• by
• Dr. Gamini de Silva, Consultant (SIAP)

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Exercise no. 1Calculating PPP valuesWhy PPP
values?
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• Like a common currency.
• take account of price differences between
  countries.
• take into account the local prices of goods and
  services that are not traded internationally.
• PPP US1has the same purchasing power in the
  domestic economy as 1 has in the United States.
• Based on data collected between 1993 and 1996,
  standardized to 1993 international prices.

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• COUNTRY Pakistan
• Reference years 1999
• GDP Per capita PPP value 3,279
• GDP Per capita in US 850
  
• PPP rate for the country 3.86
• Interpretation !

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Exercise no. 2Poverty Head Count Ratio
(percentage below national poverty line)
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• the proportion whose incomes are below the
  official threshold
• If no official poverty lines, they may be defined
  as the level of Income required for necessities
  for survival.

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• COUNTRY Sri Lanka
• Reference years 1995/6
• Poverty line 1090
• Population in first 4 deciles 20.2
• Population in 5th decile below poverty
  line1.66558
• Total poverty head count 21.8656
• Total population 45
• Poverty head count ratio 48.6

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Exercise no. 3Poverty gap ratio.(Alternative
formulae)
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• mean distance separating the population from the
  poverty line
• non-poor is given a distance of zero
• poverty deficit of the entire population
• expressed as a percentage of the poverty line.
• the sum of the income gap ratios for the
  population below the poverty line, divided by the
  total population
• basic formulae

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• COUNTRY Sri Lanka
• Reference years 1995/6
• Poverty Head Count Ratio 28.80
• Poverty LineRs.1090
• Average income of the poorRs.840
• Poverty Gap Ratio 6.6

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Exercise no. 4share of lowest quintile in
national consumption.
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• income that accrues to the poorest fifth of the
  population.
• is a relative inequality measure.

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Exercise no. 5Under weight children under 5
years.
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• percentage whose weight for age is less than
  minus two standard deviations from the median for
  the international reference population ages 059
  months.
• percentages of children in each age group are
  aggregated to form the total percentage of
  children under five who are underweight.
• indicator for monitoring nutritional status and
  health in populations

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• For each group the percentages are calculated and
  aggregated to form the total percentage of
  children under five who are underweight

Distribution A for international reference
population Distribution B for sample population
in a country. Point k is two standard
deviations below the median of A. Population
who are below point k in distribution B are
underweight. The proportion can be obtained using
the distributional properties of B.
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• .for each age group

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Exercise no.6Net enrolment ratio in Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary education.
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• ratio of the number of children of official
  school age who are enrolled in primary school to
  the total population of children of official
  school age.
• basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills
• understanding subjects as history, geography,
  natural science, social science, art, and music.
• Net enrolment refers only to children of official
  primary school age.
• Gross enrolment includes children of any age.

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• Formula
• Alternative estimation method
• NER directly using household survey data

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Exercise no. 7Proportion of pupils starting
grade 1 who reaches grade 5
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• survival rate to grade 5,
• percentage of a cohort of pupils enrolled in
  grade 1 of the primary level of education in a
  given school year who are expected to reach grade
  5.
• measures an education systems success in
  retaining students from one grade to the next
• measure of internal efficiency

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• data need on enrolment and repetition by grade
  for two consecutive years
• procedure is reconstructed cohort method.
• assumptions
• drop-outs never return to school
• promotion, repetition and drop-out rates remain
  constant
• same rates apply regardless of previously
  repeated a grade.

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• where
• Alternative estimation -
• Using household survey data
• proportion is estimated as the product of the
  proportions of transition for each grade up to
  grade 5. (UNESCO).

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Reconstructed cohort method of computation
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Alternative Method using household survey data
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Exercise no. 8Literacy rates of 15-24 years
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• Literacy-
• Percentage who can both read and write with
  understanding a short simple statement on
  everyday life.
• reflects the outcomes of primary education over
  the previous 10 years or so.
• a measure of the effectiveness of primary
  education system.
• a proxy measure of social progress and economic
  achievement.
• literacy rate is simply the complement of the
  illiteracy rate.
• not a measure of the quality and adequacy to
  function in a society

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Exercise no. 9Share of women in wage employment
in non-agriculture sector
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• share of female workers in the non-agricultural
  sector as a percentage of total employment in the
  sector.
• non-agricultural sector is industry and services.
  
• Employment
• above a certain age
• who worked, or held a job,
• during a reference period.
• both full-time and part-time workers
• degree to which labour markets are open to women
  in industry and service sectors,

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Exercise no. 10Calculating Mortality rates
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• Uunder-five mortality rate
• probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live
  births) of a child born in a specified year dying
  before reaching the age of five if subject to
  current age-specific mortality rates.. captures
  more than 90 percent of global mortality among
  children under the age of 18.
• Age-specific mortality rates are calculated from
  data on births and deaths in vital statistics
  registries, censuses and household surveys in
  developing countries.

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• Infant mortality rate (IMR)
• number of infants dying before reaching the age
  of one year per 1,000 live births in a given
  year.
• The indicator is the number of deaths of infants
  under one year of age in the indicated year per
  1,000 live births in the same year.
• For data from household surveys, infant mortality
  estimates are obtained directly (using birth
  history, as in Demographic and Health Surveys) or
  indirectly (Brass method, as in Multiple
  Indicator Cluster Surveys).
• When estimated indirectly, the under-one
  mortality estimates must be consistent with the
  under five mortality estimates. (diff. sources?)

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• Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
• number of women who die from any cause related to
  or aggravated by pregnancy or its management
  (excluding accidental or incidental causes)
  during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days
  of termination of pregnancy, per 100,000 live
  births.
• data quality problems in measuring above!.
• Following table gives live births and deaths of
  different categories in a given year. The rates
  are calculated as shown in the last row of the
  table.

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Exercise no. 11Prevalence, Incidence and Death
rates (on Malaria/Tuberculosis)
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• Incidence
• number of reported cases during the reference
  year.
• Prevalence
• total cases prevailing in the reference year
• It is the cumulative of cases
• number of prevailing cases of malaria/tuberculosis
  per 100,000 people.
• Death Rate.
• ratio of number of deaths occurred to the total
  population Usually per 100,000
• Identification of the cause, a crucial factor
  when complications occur during death

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Exercise no. 12Energy use (kg. oil equivalent)
per 1 GDP (PPP)
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• commercial energy use per PPP1 of GDP
• measured in units of oil equivalent
• a measure of energy intensity
• (inverse of energy efficiency).

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Exercise no. 13Unemployment rate of 15-24 years

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• ratio of unemployed people to labour force
• same age group.
• Unemployed people
• not employed
• available for work
• taken concrete steps to seek employment/self-emplo
  yment.
• during reference period
• labour force is employed plus unemployed
• LF is economically active portion of the
  population

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Labour Force Unemployment

• Definitions
• Working age
• Labour Force
• Economically Inactive group
• Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
• Age Specific LFPR (ASLFPR)
• Employment
• Current Status (last week- 1 hour)
• Usual Status (last 12 months-majority)

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Capturing Employment
Engaged in Work ?
Looking for work
Looking for work?
Employed
Available for work?
Unemployed
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