Basic structure of computer

1
Lecture 1

• Basic structure of computer
• History of computer development

2
Chapter 1

• Basic structure of computer

3
Computer Systems

• Is a system that includes computer as one of its
  components

4
Computer Organization

• Towards the operation units and interconnection
  which realize computer architecture specification

5
What is a Computer ?

• Electronic device under the instruction and
  programming control and execute four basic
  operation
• input
• processing
• output
• storage

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IPOS cycle

• IPOS Input, Processing, Output, Storage

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Types of Computer

• Special purpose computer
• Eg Traffic light controller
• General purpose computer
• Computer for individual
• Computer for organization

8
Individual Computer

• Professional workstation
• Desktop computers
• Networked computers (NC)
• Notebook computers
• Subnotebooks
• Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)/
• Handheld computers/ Palmtop

9
Computer for Organization

• Supercomputer
• Fastest
• Most expensive
• Mainframe
• High speed
• More expensive
• Process huge amount of data and fast
• Support many users
• perform server jobs
• Minicomputer
• Performance and speed lesser than mainframe
• Server

10
Computer Systems

• Hardware
• Physical component of computer such as mechanical
  electronic circuit which can be touched
• Software
• Program which instructs computer to do something
• Consist from bunch of programming, algorithm and
  instruction set which cant be touched

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Computer Software

• System software
• All program related to computer operation
  coordination
• Eg
• Operating System- Windows 98, Mac OS, Unix,
  Linux, MS Dos
• Utility programs file management
• compiler, interpreter
• Application software
• Program that direct computer to do specific task
• text processing (Microsoft Word), mathematical
  operation (Microsoft Excel), database management.

12
Personal Computer Hardware

• Component inside microcomputer system

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Digital Analog System

• Digital System
• Any system which handle digital signal (discrete)
• Analog System
• Any system which handle analog signal

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4 Basic Functional Unit of a Computer
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1. Input Unit

• Computer receive coded information from input
  where the function is to read data
• Example of input device keyboard, joystick,
  trackball, mouse.

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2. Output Unit

• Its function is to send processed data to be
  displayed
• Output device example

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3. Storage Unit

• Store program and data in extended period of time
  
• Fix
• Reliable
• Easy to find and fetch data swiftly
• Compressed storage
• Diskettes 500 book pages
• Optical Disk 500 books
• Economy
• Save in term of physical storage cost
• Convenient and fast in filing and access data

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Storage type

• Magnetic disk storage
• Optical disk
• Magneto-optical
• CD-ROM
• CD-R
• CD-RW
• DVD-ROM
• Magnetic Tape Storage

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Diskette

• Low capacity small file
• Portable
• Layered with metallic substance
• Hard plastic jacket for protection
• 3 ½ inch, 1.44 MB

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High Capacity Portable Diskette

• Large file
• Portable
• High capacity
• 120 / 200 MB
• Eg Superdisk
• Zip disk
• 250 MB
• Not compatible with 3 ½ inch diskette

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Hard Disk

• Variety of size (Mb,Gb)
• Portable characteristic
• Generally is not portable
• Portable hard disk is also available
• Hard scrap layered with metallic material

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4. Processing Unit

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Types of Storage
• Program execution
• Search data inside memory
• System Unit
• Microprocessor
• Semiconductor memory
• Bus line
• Speed and power

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Unit Pemprosesan Pusat(CPU)
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Change data to information
• Control center
• One set of electronic circuit which execute
  stored instruction program
• Two parts
• Control Unit (CU)
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

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Control Unit

• Device which responsile to control
• Instruct computer system to execute program
• Communicate with other parts inside a device

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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

• Perrform mathematical operation
• Perrform logical operation

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Arithmetic Operation

• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division

-

/
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Logical Operation
NOT

• Evaluate condition
• Compare
• Can compare
• Numbers
• Characters
• Specialized character

AND
OR
gt
lt
gt
lt
lt gt

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Register

• Special purpose
• High speed
• Temporary storage
• Inside CPU

Instruction register Hold instruction currently
being used
Output
Data register Hold data which waiting to be
processed Hold answers from processing outcome
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Types of Storage

• Secondary
• Data which will be used in the end
• Long term
• Main Memory
• Data which will be used in short period of time
• Temporary
• Access faster that secondary storage
• Register
• Data which related to opeation being execute
• Access faster than main memory

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Measure storage capacity

• KB kilobyte
• 1024 byte
• diskette
• Cache memory
• MB megabyte
• million byte
• RAM

• GB gigabyte
• Billion bytes
• Hard disk
• CDs and DVDs
• TB terabytes
• Trillion bytes
• Large hard disk

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Memory

• Primary storage
• Primary memory
• Main storage
• Internal storage
• Main memory

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Types of memory

• RAM
• Random Access Memory
• ROM
• Read Only Memory

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RAM

• Need electric energy to store data
• Not fix
• Data and instruction can be read and altered
• User always referred to this type of storage

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What inside a RAM?

• Operating system
• Program thats running
• Data needed by the program
• Intermediate answer which wait to be displayed as
  output

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ROM

• Fix
• Instruction to start computer
• Data and instuction can be read but cant be
  altered
• Mostly, instruction is written in the factory

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Execute Program

• Control unit (CU) received one instruction and
  placed in memory
• CU decode the instruction
• CU inform related device to take action
• Control in transferred to related device
• Task executed
• Control returned to CU

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Machine Cycle I-time E-time

• Instruction time (I-time)
• CU fetch one instruction inside memory and place
  in one register
• CU decode the instruction and determine the
  memory location for the needed data

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Machine Cycle

• Execution time (E-time)
• Execution
• CU moved data from memory to register in ALU
• ALU is given the control and execute the
  instruction
• Control is returned to control unit
• CU store operation answer inside memory or
  register

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System Clock

• Clock system produced pulse in a fix rate
• Every pulse is one machine cycle
• One instruction program actually might be consist
  of a number of instruction to the CPU
• Every CPU instruction will take one pulse
• CPU has one instruction set instructions which
  it can understand and process

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Finding data inside a memory

• Each location inside memory have unique address
• Address never change
• Content might change
• Memory location can hold one instruction or one
  data
• Programmer used symbolic names

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Data representation On/Off

• Binary number system represent circuit condition

1
0
ON
OFF
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Bit, Byte, Word

• BIT
• Binary DigIT
• On/off circuit
• 1 or 0
• BYTE
• 8 bit
• Store one alphanumeric character
• 01001010 J
• WORD
• Register size
• Number of BIT processed by CPU in one unit
• Differ from one computer to another computer
  (64bit/8 bit)

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Coding Scheme

• One code to determine which bit group
  representing which character on keyboard
• ASCII
• Use one byte (8-bit)
• 28 256 combination or character
• Almost all PC and larger computer
• EBCDIC
• Use one byte (8-bit)
• 28 256 combination or character
• Used mainly on IBM compatible mainframes
• Unicode
• Use two bytes 8-bit (16 bits)
• 216 65,536 combination or character
• Support character for all language in the world
• Compatible with ASCII

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System Unit

• Store electronic component
• Main board
• Storage device
• Interconnection
• A number of Apple Macintosh have system unit in
  its monitor

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System Unit

• Main Board
• Microprocessor chip
• Memory chip
• Interconnection to other devices parts
• Additional chip - mathematical processor

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System Unit

• Storage Device
• Hard Drive
• Disk Drive
• CD-ROM Drive
• DVD-ROM Drive

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Microprocessor

• CPU etched on chip
• One chip is ¼ x ¼ inci
• Consist of silicon
• Consist of million gates
• Electric switch that allows electric supply to
  flow

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Microprocesors Component

• Control Unit - CU
• Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU
• Register
• System clock

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Development of a better microprocessor

• Microprocessor computer print circuit on
  microchip
• Cheaper
• Faster
• Perform other device task
• Current mathematical co-processor is part of
  microprocessor
• Current multimedia instruction is part of
  microprocessor

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Development of a better microprocessor
More functions combined in one microprocessor

• Faster computer execution
• Cheaper it is made
• More reliable

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Types of Microprocessor

• Intel
• Pentium
• Celeron
• Xeon and Itanium

• Compatible Intel
• Cyrix
• AMD

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Types of Microprocessor

• PowerPC
• Collabration of Apple, IBM, and Motorola
• Used in Apple Macintosh PC group
• Inside server and additional system
• Alpha
• Produced by Compaq
• High power server and workstation

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Semiconductor memory

• Reliable
• Small
• Low cost
• Low power consumption
• Economically produced in bulk
• Not fix
• All circuit together become one storage unit that
  cant be separated

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Semiconductor memory CMOS

• Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
• Use low electric supply
• Used inside PC to store device control needed to
  start a computer
• Store information using power from battery

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RAM

• Store instruction and data for current program
• Data inside memory can be randomly accessed
• Easy and fast access
• Not fix
• Can be erased
• Able to be Rewrite

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Types of RAM

• SRAM (Static RAM)
• Store content when power exist
• Faster than DRAM

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Types of RAM

• DRAM (dynamic RAM)
• Must always refresh
• Used in most PC memory because of size and cost
• SDRAM
• Faster than DRAM
• Rambus DRAM
• Faster than SDRAM
• Expensive

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Adding RAM

• Buy memory module packaged on circuit board
• SIMMS chip on one side
• DIMMS chip on two sides
• Maximum RAM that can be installed is based on
  main board design

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ROM

• Program and data that has been permanently
  recorded in factory
• Read only
• Cant be changed by user
• Store start computer routine which is activated
  when computer is switched on
• Fix

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PROM

• Programmable ROM
• ROM burner can change instruction on some ROM chip

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Bus Line

• Path which transfer electric signal
• Bus system
• Transfer data between CPU and memory
• Bas width
• Bit data numbers which can carried at one time
• Most of the time the same size woth CPU word
• Speed is measured in MHz

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Bus Line

• CPU can support more and variety of instruction

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Expansion Bus

• Connect main board to expansion slot
• Attach expansion board to slot
• Interface card
• Changeable card
• External connection/port
• Serial
• Parallel

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Expansion Bus
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Bus and PC Port
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Speed and power

• What make computer fast?
• Microprocssor speed
• Bus line size
• Cache
• Flash memory
• RISC type computer
• Parallel processing

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Computer processing speed

• Time to executer one instruction
• Millisecond
• Microsecond
• Nanosecond
• Modern Computer
• Picosecond
• In the future

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Computer processing speed

• Clock speed
• Megahertz (MHz)
• Gigahertz (GHz)
• Number of instruction per second
• Million Instruction per Second (MIPS)
• Complex mathematic operation
• One million operation floating point per second
  (Megaflop )

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Cache

• Small memory block and temporary
• Accelerate data transfer
• Always used recent instruction and data

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Cache
Step 3 Transfer to main CPU and cache
P R O C E S S O R
R A M
Cache
Step 2 Go to address in main memory and read
Step 1 Processor ask data or instruction

• The next processor ask
• See first in cache
• Go to memory

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Types of Cache

• Internal Cache
• Level 1 (L1)
• Embed in microprocessor
• Up to 128KB
• External Cache
• Level 2 (L2)
• External chip
• 256KB or 512 KB
• SRAM technology
• Cheaper and slower than L1
• Faster and more expensive than memory

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Flash memory

• RAM that is not change
• Used in
• Mobile phone
• Digital camera
• Digital music recorder
• PDA

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Instruction set

• CISC Technology
• Complex Instruction Set Computing
• Conventional computer
• A lot of the instruction is not used
• RISC Technology
• Reduce Instruction Set Computing
• Small instruction subset
• Increase speed
• Program with a number of complex instruction
• Graphic
• Engineering

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Types of processing

• Serial processing
• Executer one instruction at one time
• Fetch, decode, execute and store
• Parallel Processing
• More than one processor used simultaneously
• Can do trillion floating point per second
  teraflops
• Example Network server, supercomputer

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Types of Processing

• Pipelining
• instruction do not need to finish before the next
  is started
• Fetch instruction 1, start to decode and fetch
  instruction 2