The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese Medicine in Surrounding Countries - From a Study of Existing Old Medical Documents

1
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries - From a Study
of Existing Old Medical Documents Prof.
MAYANAGI Makoto Ibaraki University, Japan
2
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• Mongolia?? Mongol Medicine

Korea?? Hambang Medicine (?? Tong-i during
Chosn Dynasty)
Japan?? Kampo Medicine
Tibet?? Bod-gso Medicine
Vietnam?? Nom-Yi Medicine
3
Korea, The Kyujyanggak Royal Library
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
4
The National Library of Korea
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
5
Vietnam, The Han-nom Institute
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
6
The National Library of Vietnam
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
7
Library of Inner Mongolia Province
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
8
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• From the past until the present, nations around
  China have been the recipients of Chinese medical
  knowledge. That knowledge has been examined,
  incorporated as needed, and has contributed
  significantly to the formation of their medical.
• By analytical investigation of extant old medical
  books, the overall formation process and
  characteristics of their traditional medicine
  have become clear.

9
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• During the earlier period of acceptance, Japan
  and Korea were influenced by comprehensive
  medical works ???? of the Tang(?), Song(?) and
  Yuan(?) dynasties, and they compiled
  comprehensive medical works which quoted suitable
  parts from these Chinese books.
• Representative of such works are the Japanese
  "Ishin Pou(???)" (984), and the Korean " Uibang
  Yuch'wi(????)" (1477).
• In addition, Japanese and Koreans also collected
  their own medicines and drugs, and compiled
  indigenous texts. Two examples here are the
  Japanese "Daidou Ruijiu Hou(?????)" (808) and the
  Korean " Hyang-yak Chipsng Bang(?????)" (1433).

10
The Japanese Ishin-pou ??? (984)
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
11
The Korean Uibang Yuch'wi???? (1477)
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
12
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• Later, in what we might refer to as the early
  modern period, we find in neighboring countries
  the compilation of comprehensive clinical medical
  works most suitable for medicines and drugs
  available in those countries. Examples of these
  include
• the Japanese "Keiteki Shyu(???)" (1574),
• the Korean " Tong-i Bogam(????)" (1611)
• and the Vietnamese "Y-tong Tamlinh(????)" (1770).
• These works primarily quoted from Ming(?) dynasty
  clinical medical works.

13
The Japanese Keiteki Shyu ??? (1574)
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
14
The Korean Tong-i Bogam ???? (1611)Korean
original edition Japanese
edition
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
15
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• Besides, each country continued reprinting
  various Ming dynasty comprehensive medical works,
  and clinical texts for small pox up to the latter
  half of the 19th century. In China, by contrast,
  we see no such fashion of reprinting these
  earlier works.
• A mixture of Chinese characters and native
  language in translation was also a phenomenon
  common to works produced in these neighboring
  countries.

16
Yixue Rumen ????Chinese original edition
Korean edition
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
17
Yixue Rumen ????Japanese edition
Vietnamese edition
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
18
Yixue Zhengzhuan ????Chinese original edition
Korean Edition Japanese
edition
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
19
Tab.1 Number of Reprints of medical
comprehensive works of Ming dynasty
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
medical comprehensive works of Ming dynasty (compilation year) / number of each edition Ch. Ming edition1 Jpn. Edo edition2 Kor. Choson edition3 Vet. An-nom edition4
Yuji Weiyi ???? (1396) 8 3 1 0
Dongyuan Shishu ???? (1399-1424) 7 5 3 0
Yilin Reizheng Jiyao ?????? (1482) 4 1 1 0
Yixue Zhuangzhen ???? (1515) 5 10(10) 6 (1)
Yixue Rumen ???? (1575) 5 8(1) 5 1
Wanbing Huichun ???? (1587) 7 20 4 (1)
Yunlin Shengou ???? (1591) 4 5 0 (1)
Shoushi Baoyuan ???? (1615) 1 1 0 1
1 my research???????????2 my
research??????????????????-??????????????37?3?407
-415?(1991)?3 my research??????????? 4 my
research "CATALOGUE DES LIVRES HANNOM (Di San
Han Nom Viet Nam, Thu muc de yeu)"
20
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• On the other hand, we also find a phenomenon
  specific to Japan.
• Chinese medical classics and research books on
  them written by Chinese were reprinted 141 times
  in Japan.
• However, such books were reprinted only 16 (or
  20) times in Korea, and I have been unable to
  find any reprints in Vietnam and Mongolia.

21
Tab.2 Reprinted Chinese medical classics and
research books on them written by Chinese
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
Chinese medical classics and research books / Number of each edition Japan edition1 Korea edition2 Vietnam edition3 Mongol edition4
Variety of Neijing ??? (Suwen??, Lingshu??, Nanjing?? etc.) 13 7(1) (0) (0)
Research books on Neijing ????? 52 6 (0) (0)
Zhongjings writings ???? (Shanghan-lun ???, Jingui-yaolue ????etc.) 15 (1) (0) (0)
Research books on Zhongjings writings ????? 55 3(2) (0) (0)
Shen-nong Bencaojing????? 5 0 (0) (0)
Research books on Shen-nong Bencaojing ???????? 1 0 (0) (0)
1 my research??????????????????-??????????????37?
3?407-415?(1991)?2 my research??????????? 3 my
research CATALOGUE DES LIVRES HANNOM (Di San
Han Nom Viet Nam, Thu muc de yeu)?4 my research
22
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• In addition, in the Edo(??) period alone, 797(or
  847) kinds of research books on Chinese medical
  classics were written by Japanese.
• Again, by contrast, only one kind of such a book
  was written by Koreans,
• 6 kinds of such book were written by Vietnamese,
• no such book was written by Mongolians.

23
Tab.3 Research book on Chinese medical classics
written by Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and
Mongolian
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries
by Jpn.1 by Kor.2 by Viet.3 by Mong.4
Research books on Neijing ????? 143 1 1 (0)
Research books on Zhongjings writings ????? 637(50) 0 5 (0)
Research books on Shen-nong Bencaojing ???????? 17 0 0 (0)
Total 797(50) 1 6 (0)
1 my research?????????????????2 my
research??????????? 3 my research CATALOGUE
DES LIVRES HANNOM (Di San Han Nom Viet Nam, Thu
muc de yeu)?4 my research
24
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• Why did only Japanese research Chinese medical
  classics so much?
• This phenomenon would seem to spring from the
  fact that only Japan is an island country.
• Because the traffic between Japan and China was
  extremely difficult, the Japanese could not learn
  from the Chinese directly.
• That is why the Japanese saw a book as a teacher
  and studied these difficult classics without
  being able to consult Chinese specialists.

25
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• Also, only Japan had no experience of long-term
  war with China and domination by them before the
  middle of the 19th century. Therefore it was
  needless for Japan to eliminate strong influence
  of China and to emphasize own culture.
• Consequently the Japanese felt a closeness to
  Chinese culture, and studied their classics.
• On the other hand, we find that in Korea and
  Vietnam the Chinese works used were mainly
  clinical works. The reason for this seems to be,
  in the face of strong cultural pressure, a
  reluctance to study classical works, and their
  theories, which were not seen as directly related
  to clinical needs.

26
The Historical Tendency of Acceptance of Chinese
Medicine in Surrounding Countries

• There is a strong possibility that we would find
  a similar phenomenon in the acceptance of Chinese
  classics in other fields as well.
• Thank you for your attention.
• MAYANAGI Makoto