Coast Survey party measuring Epping Plains Base The last base line measured by Bache Base Line party of Alexander Dallas Bache

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National Geodetic Survey Positioning America for
the Future
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Our Positioning History
The why is the same,
the how has changed
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Our Positioning History
Background
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The Geographer1668-69by Jan Vermeer
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Measuring baseline with wooden rods French
expedition to Peru1735 - 1744
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Our Positioning History
How We Got Started
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1807President Thomas Jefferson signs
legislationestablishing the Survey of the Coast
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To Promote Safe Navigationfor American Commerce
and ...
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to prevent this,Shipwreck on Cape Cod
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Ferdinand Hassler1st Superintendent of the
Survey of the Coast
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19th Century Surveying Instruments
SurveyorsChain
SurveyorsCompass
Circumfrencer
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Troughton 24-inch theodolite drawn by Caroline
Hassler
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Ferdinand Hassler's observing tent Probably the
original sketch was by John Farley
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Hasslers Field Work, 1816-1817
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Ferdinand Hassler directing the movement of the
great theodolite to the station Working on Fire
Island, about 1837
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Tripod signal with tin cone for reflecting
sunlight Great Fire Island Base Line constructed
by survey crews under direction of Ferdinand
Hassler
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Our Positioning History
Whats In a Name?
1807 - Survey of the Coast
1836 - Coast Survey
1878 - US Coast and Geodetic Survey
1899 - Coast and Geodetic Survey
1970 - National Ocean Survey (later Service)
1970 - National Geodetic Survey (NOS geodetic
functions)
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Our Positioning History
Figuring Out all the Angles
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Astronomic Observations
Bamberg astronomic transit1914-1960
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Astronomic ObservationsPolar Motion
GaithersburgObservatory1899-1982
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Parkhurst TheodoliteUsed for first half of 20th
Century
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Wild T-3 Theodolite1952
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Instrument station near Station 189 "Care needed
in moving" International Boundary Survey1906
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Station Caribou before Elevation 9816 feet1922
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Station Caribou after being struck by lightning
1922
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Wooden tower within a tower Outer tower supports
personnel - inner tower supports instrument
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Jasper Bilby
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Bilby Towerused from 1926-1984
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Bilby Tower Construction
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1984An End of an Era
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1878 - Heliotrope being used in western United
States
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1911 - Heliograph at Station 22 Alaska - Canada
border International Boundary Commission
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Showing light at Station Northome Battery powered
lights about 110 feet above ground
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1922 Battery-powered electric signal lamp
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Signal lamps
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1970Wild T-3 observations in Alligator Harbor
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Our Positioning History
Finding the Length
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Survey tower with signal pole and tin cone At
end of Epping Base Line
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Graded road made to measure Epping Plains Base
Base Line
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Coast Survey party measuring Epping Plains Base
The last base line measured by Bache Base Line
party of Alexander Dallas Bache
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Yolo buggy used to transport and shade base line
measuring instrumentsSacramento Valley,
California1881
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Using an iced-bar apparatus to further limit
thermal expansion 1901
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Taping a Baseline 1916
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EDMI Using light and microwaves to measure
distances 1950s
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Light emitting from PeeWee Light for night
observations
Prismatic mirrors for reflecting laser light beam
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Very Long Baseline Interferometer
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Our Positioning History
The Third Dimension
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The Third DimensionLeveling
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Classical Line-of-sight Spirit Leveling1900
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Classical Line-of-sight Spirit Leveling1900
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Differential Levelingusing Laser Level Zeiss
DINI 112000
Backsight3-Meter Rod
Foresight3-Meter Rod
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Our Positioning History
Getting There
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Leveling party rod men on velocipede
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By Boat 1954
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On Foot1922
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On Foot1922
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Dogsled1920
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Horseback1911
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Transition Phase1911
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USCG Truck1913
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Sport Utility Vehiclecirca 1920
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Helicopter - Alaska1954
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GPS on an ATVCalifornia2000
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Our Positioning History
Marking the Spot
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Earthen pot similar to early earthenware cones
devised by Ferdinand Hassler
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Monumentation Making a drill hole
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Meades RanchGeodetic Center of North America
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Classical Horizontal Control Brass disk
3-D rod monument usedin high accuracy GPS
surveys
Geodetic Monuments
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Special brass disk commemoratingthe Center of
Populationfrom the 2000 Census
Geodetic Monuments Edgar Springs, Missouri May
2001
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Our Positioning History
Crunching Numbers
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Number Crunching
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Electronic Number Crunching
1950Computer
NowPersonal Computers
1980Mainframe
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Number Crunchers
1870
1936
1970s
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Our Positioning History
Positioning from Space
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Sputnik1957
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Global Satellite Triangulation Network
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Ballistic Camera - BC-4
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Echo Balloon Satellite 1960type of satellite
photographed by BC-4
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BC-4 camera photograph stars in circular
patternsatellite is a series of dots in straight
line.
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BC-4 Crews got to go to some neat places
Pago Pago
Antarctica
Ethiopia
Chad
Yukon
Easter Island
Pitcairn Island
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US Navy Transit Satellite1964
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Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite
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Constellation of GPS Satellites
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Charles Trimble, former Chair, U.S. GPS
Industry Council
The National Geodetic Survey, under NOAA,
effectively launched our industry.
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National Continuously Operating Reference
Stations (CORS)
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GPS Surveying
2-Meter Fixed Height Pole
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Positioning the Washington Monument
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Promoting Safe Navigation
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GPS application on board ships to measure vessel
dynamics
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GPS on a buoy
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Our Positioning History
Positioning America for the Future
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