ENERGY CONSERVATION

1

Master Energy Program

• ENERGY CONSERVATION
• MANAGEMENT
• A COMPREHENSIVE
• TRAINING PROGRAM
• WORKSHOP

RIEDC Rhode Island Economic Development
Corporation Building the 21st Century
Innovation Economy
2
Master Energy Program

• Educational Training Seminar
• This training document has been developed
• under the support and guidance of
• The University of Rhode Island
• URI Energy Center, Energy Outreach Programs
• Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation
• Rhode Island Office of Energy Resources
• Ocean State Clean Cities Coalition

3
Program Logistics

• Session I Energy 101
• Energy
  Basics
• Session II Around the Home I
• Small Investment Big
  Savings
• Session III Around the Home II
• Big Investment Big
  Savings
• Session IV - Legislature Policy
• Standards, Codes,
  Finance Taxes

4
Session I Energy 101

• History of energy in the US
• Where our energy comes from how we use it
• What is your energy consumption
• How to read and understand your utility bill
• Energy accounting, tracking bench marking

5
The History of Energy in the US

• The past 100 years
• Muscle
• Wood
• Whale Oil
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Renewable energy

6
US Consumption by Source
US energy consumption, by source, 1850-2000.
Vertical axis is in quadrillion BTU
7
The Forms of Energy We UseUs Energy
Consumption by Resource
Source Annual Energy Outlook 2006, Energy
Information Administration.
8
US Petroleum Supply
Although we are the third largest crude oil
producer, most of the petroleum we use is
imported.
Although we are the third largest crude oil
producer, most of the petroleum we use is
imported.
9
Where Petroleum in the US Comes
From
Western Hemisphere nations provide about half of
our imported petroleum.
Western Hemisphere nations provide about half of
our imported petroleum.
10
World Energy Use by Fuel Type
33
History
Projections
29
37
Liquids
24
Natural Gas
Coal
27
Share of World Total
23
8
8
6
Nuclear
6
Renewable
Source EIA, IEO2008
11
Where World Petroleum Comes From
12
Future World Supply
13
World Energy Demand

• United States
• Europe and Asia OECD
• China and India - Non-OECD
• Europe Eurasia Non-OECD

14
Why should you care?US Oil Addiction

15
Another Reason to Care US production

16
Two More Reasons to CareChina/India energy
demand increasing

17
The Biggest Reason To CareOil prices continue to
rise

18
Effects on Global Warming
Sustainability
With Significant Environmental Consequence
19
The Effects of CO2 over 400 thousand years and
its effect on Global Temperature
20
CO2 Concentration over the last 130 yearsand its
Effect on Global Temperature
21
Global Warming in Rhode Island
22
Electrical Distribution
New England relies on over 350 Electric Energy
Generators
23
RI Electric Power Sources
Imported Power 12.4
Oil 3.8
These six Energy Forms 91.5
24
Natural Gas Energy to Produce Electricity vs.
Our Consumption
25
All Fossil Fuels in New England
26
Building New Supply Cost vs. Efficiency
27
More Energy Efficiency is Needed
28
How We Use Our EnergyUS Energy Consumption by
Sector
Source Annual Energy Outlook 2006, Energy
Information Administration.
29
Energy Consumption by Region
30
What is Your Consumption

• Home
• Natural Gas
• Heating Oil
• Electricity
• Water
• Sewer
• Transportation
• Auto
• Mass Transit
• Travel

31
RI Typical Utility Cost
Consumption Distribution with
Natural Gas

• Typically the cost of utilities represents the
  second or third largest budget line item
• The pie chart represents a typical annual
  utility budget break down

4600.00 Annual Cost
32
RI Typical Utility Cost
Consumption Distribution with Heating
Oil

• Typically the cost of utilities represents the
  second or third largest budget line item
• The pie chart represents a typical annual
  utility budget break down

4759.00 Annual Cost
33
NE Residential Utility Cost
1966.00 Annual Cost 1206 CCF, 7841 kWh
34
NE Residential Utility Cost
4683.00 Annual Cost 1197 CCF, 8108 kWh
35
Energy Management

• You cant manage what you havent measured
• The foundation of sound and sustainable energy
  management

36
An Energy Management Plan
What is it?

• A Must Have Tool
• Measurement
• Tracking and bench marking
• Identifying all utilities
• Educated approach to use and procurement
• It will yield savings
• IT IS ACCOUNTABILITY

37
Why Do You Need A Plan

• It allows you to see were, when how
• You use energy
• How efficient you are
• Identifies areas of concern
• The basis for repairs
• Utility budget forecasting
• Project Planning
• Grant Opportunities
• Renewable Energy Projects
• Environmental Impact

38
Accountability

• Utility bill Tracking and Bench Marking
• Tracking
• History
• Cost
• Consumption
• Weather
• Excel, Energy Cap Pro or Com Check
• Energy Star-Portfolio Manager
• Utility Module
• Energy Tracker Spring 2009

39
Understanding Your Utility Bill

• Identify all of your utilities
• Perform a building survey and list all
  utilities meters
• Reading and understanding the bill
• Use consumption
• Demand rate of consumption
• Taxes
• Energy Fee
• Other Charges

40
Typical Electric Bill
41
Energy Accounting

• Collect Building Physical Data
• Physical Attributes
• Multiple buildings/meters
• Construction type
• Floor plans, schematics, equipment schedule,
  zoning
• Operational Profiles
• Occupancy Profiles
• Occupied Hours
• Local Weather Data
• Average Monthly Temperatures
• Heating Cooling Degree Days

42
Energy Fundamentals

• Common Units of Measurement
• Electricity - kilowatt (kW) kilowatt-hour(kWh)
• Natural Gas - cubic foot, therm, Dth
• Fuel Oil - gallon
• LPG - gallon
• Water Sewer CF, HCF, Kgals.

43
Energy Fundamentals

• British Thermal Unit, Btu
• 1 Btu Heat required to raise the temperature
  of 1 pound of water by 1 degree F
• 
  or
• 
  1 match
• Common thermal unit in most building energy
  analyses

1lb. Water
Raised 1 degree Fahrenheit
44
Energy FundamentalsThermal Values

• Natural Gas
• 1 Cubic Foot 950 to 1150 Btu
• 1 CCF 100 Cubic Feet
• 1 MCF 1,000 Cubic Feet
• 1 Therm 100,000 Btu
• 1 CCF is approx 1 Therm
• Fuel Oil
• Kerosene 134,000 Btu/Gallon
• Number 2 140,000 Btu/Gallon
• Number 6 152,000 Btu/Gallon
• Propane
• LPG 91,600 to 95,000 Btu/Gallon

• Steam
• 10 PSIG 1000 Btu/Lb.
• 100 PSIG 1100 Btu/Lb.
• Coal
• Lignite 11,000 Btu/Lb.
• Bituminous 14,000 Btu/Lb.
• Electricity
• 1 kW 1000 Watts
• 1 kWh 3413 Btu
• Miscellaneous
• Wood 8,500 Btu/Lb
• U235 75,000,000 Btu/gram

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Session II Around the Home I

• Understanding Tracking Utility Bills
• Small investment, big savings opportunity
• Energy efficiency measures
• Calculating the value of energy efficiency

46
Utility Bills and Rate Structures

• Consumption vs. Demand
• Typical Bills
• Commodity
• LDC
• Billing Components
• Rate Structures

Understanding how you are billed for energy is
fundamental to learning how you can reduce your
energy use
47
Utility Bill Consumption and
Demand
48
Electric Bill with Demand
49
Typical Electric Utility Bill
50
Typical Natural Gas Utility Bill
51
Energy Accounting

• Collect Utility Energy Data
• Sources
• Identify all energy sources
• Electricity
• Natural gas
• Oil
• Water Sewer
• Monthly Bills
• Use most recent data
• Minimum of 1 year, prefer 2 or 3 years
• Usage data (kWh, therm, gallons)
• Cost data ()

52
Water Resources
53
Energy Accounting

• Steps of Energy Accounting
• Determine energy supply
• Collect and organize building utility and
  physical data
• Calculate initial building performance indicators
• Analyze and account for energy consumption trends
• Identify areas for potential improvement

54
Energy Accounting

• Reasons for Energy Accounting
• Track account for utility costs
• Benchmark performance
• Identify savings potential
• Justify capital expenditures
• See results of conservation
• Gain management support
• Detect increased consumption
• Identify billing errors

55
Energy Terms

• Defining Basic Energy Terms
• Conservation measures taken to reduce using
  energy
• consuming systems in order to reduce cost.
• Efficiency installing systems that use less
  energy.
• Load Management controlling your electric or gas
  
• demand during on peak periods.
• Demand Side Management reducing electric or gas
  loads to help preserve system reliability (and
  get paid for it).

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Small Investment Big Savings

• Measurement Verification
• Energy Efficiency Measures
• Orientation
• Insulation Weatherization infiltration,
• R-value, U-value
• HVAC Efficiency - EER, SEER
• O M Procedures
• Filtration
• Lighting Appliances Energy Star

57
Energy Conservation

• Steps for Efficient Operation
• Determine Current Performance
• Evaluate Collected Data
• Benchmark Building www.energystar.gov
• Set Goals
• Determine Potential Performance
• Prioritize Areas of Energy Saving Opportunities
• Operational Strategies
• Low Cost/No Cost
• Capital Improvement

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Accountability

• Utility bill Tracking and Bench Marking
• Tracking
• Cost
• Consumption
• Use Trends
• Weather
• History
• Budget Projection
• Access, Excel, Energy Cap Pro, Utility Tracker
• Energy Star-Portfolio Manager or Com Check
• www.energystar.gov.

59
Energy Accounting Tracking
60
Heating Oil Tank Record
61
Heating Oil Bill Calculator
62
Heat Oil Bill Log
63
Utility Data Logging
64
Rating Use

• 1-50 INVEST in new equipment
• 50-75 ADJUST low-cost measures
• 75-100 MAINTAIN operations

www.energystar.gov.
RIDE SCR 1.12-2 Energy Water Efficiency
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Reducing Consumption Increasing Savings

• Trim operating conditions times
• Coincide with occupied unoccupied times
• Maintain comfort in occupied areas
• Minimize energy waste
• Utility data monitoring
• Efficiency Measures
• Alternative energy resources
• Life cycle cost analysis

66
Energy Efficiency Measures

• Mind Set
• Occupied Space vs. Unoccupied Space
• Run Times and Temperatures
• Controls

Each CFL can save 30.00 over its life cycle
Onset Data Logger
67
Controls and Meters

• DDS Direct Digital Signal
• - Programmable Thermostatic Control
• - VSD or VFD Motor Controls
• - CO2, RH Sensors

68
What type of Technologies can be utilized?
CFLs
Dimmable Fluorescents
Motion Infrared Sensor
69
Energy Conservation Lighting Controls
70
Energy Conservation Retrofits
Incandescent
LED
71
Energy Conservation Analysis
72
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
73
Summary of Lamps
74
Trend Analysis

• On-site metering
• Data loggers
• Multi-channels
• Multi-meters
• Light meters
• Smart Meters
• End-use metering
• Lighting
• Heating
• Domestic Hot water

75
Testing Tools
Light Meter
Infrared Thermometer
Gas Detector
Air Flow Smoke Test
76
Building Envelope Maintenance

• Roofs
• Walls
• Insulation
• Doors
• Windows
• Shading devices

77
More Energy Terms

• R-value and U-value

R-value is the resistance a material has to
heat flow.
U-value is a measure of a materials conductivity
of heat.
How they relate
R-value 1/ U-value
78
Session II Handout
Thermograph
79
Observation Thermograph
Thermograph
Observation
80
Weatherization, Controlling Air Movement

• Air leakage
• Wind pressure
• Stack effect
• Ventilation systems

High Pressure
Wind
High Pressure
Low
Low Pressure
81
Building Heat Loss
82
Heat Gain
sensible heat gain
conduction
and radiation
83
Energy Efficiency Ratings

• Unitary Commercial packaged air conditioners,
  heat pumps and other small equipment.
• Overall Performance is measured in (EER) Energy
• Efficiency Ratio.
• Residential Equipment is rated in (SEER) Seasonal
• Energy Efficiency Ratio.
• EER Rated cooling capacity in Btu
• Electrical demand in Watts
• Rated 36,000 Btu (3 ton) with electrical Demand
  of 3600 Watts has an EER of 10 (the higher the
  number the more efficient the unit).

Courtesy of PECI, Inc
84
Energy Efficiency Ratings

• Natural gas, LP (propane), and electric
• One measure of fossil fuel efficiency is Annual
  Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE)
• standing pilot 70 AFUE
• new furnaces must be 78 or higher
• high efficiency furnaces are 90 and greater (ARI
  reference)

85
Types of Extended Surface Air Filters

86
Air Filter MERV Ratings

87
Filter Performance by Type

88
Calculating the Value of Energy Efficiency

• Putting it all together
• Energy Accountability
• How to Audit and Interpret the data
• True Savings vs. Cost Avoidance
• ROI, NOI and Life Cost Analysis

89
Energy Conservation Cost Analysis

• Occupancy Sensor for Typical Room
• Existing lighting 18 - 4LT8 at 112 watts each
• Annual usage 2,145 hours (39 wks at 50 hrs plus
  10)
• Reported unused time 15 or 321 hours
• Savings 321 18 112 649 kwhrs / year
• Savings 649 kwhrs 0.10/kwh 65 annually
• Rebate 25
• Installed cost 75
• Payback 0.75 years

90
Trend Analysis

• Analyzing Consumption vs. Demand Trends

91
Benchmarking

• Baseline Profile

92
Bench Marking
Energy Star Portfolio Manager
93
Bench Marking

• Performance Indicators
• Energy Use Indices

94
Consumption Profile
95
Demand Profile
96
Monthly Electrical Consumption
Corporate Electric Consumption
97
Energy Conservation Basics

• Simple Payback
• (Cost Rebate) / Savings /month ROI
• Total Annual Savings, true savings and cost
  avoidance NOI

98
Session III Around the Home II

• Big investment, big savings
• - retro-fits and upgrades
• - alternative energy resources
• Calculating the value of energy efficiency
• ROI Return on Investment
• NOI Net Operating Income

99
Retro-fits and Upgrades

• Lighting
• HVAC
• Controls
• Insulation
• Windows

100
Lighting Upgrades

• Incandescent to florescent
• CFL compact florescent lamps
• T-5 T- 8 Fixtures
• LED light emitting diodes
• Occupancy Sensors

101
HVAC

• High Efficiency Heating Air Conditioning
• Natural Gas or Oil condensing furnaces
• Oil to Gas or Vis Versa
• High Efficiency Motors

102
Insulation

• Walls, Ceiling Floor fiberglass mate,
  cellulose,
• 
  foam, rigid foam cellutrex
• R-Value materials resistance to heat flow,
• the higher the R-value the
  better
• Moisture barriers tyvek, foil, paper a poly

103
Windows

• U-Value materials conductivity of heat, the
  lower the U-value the better

104
Big Investment, Big Savings

• Renewable Alternative Energy Resources
• Passive Solar
• Solar PV
• Solar Thermal
• Wind
• Radiant
• Geothermal
• CHP
• Bio-mass
• Transportation

105
Orientation Passive Solar Gain

• South, South East or South West exposure is best

106
Solar PV

• Solar Photo Voltaic sunlight to electric energy

107
Solar Thermal

• Solar Energy to thermal energy hot air, hot
  water,
• thermal transfer fluids and heat exchangers

108
Wind Energy

• Wind to Electric
• Wind to Compressed Air
• Wind to Mechanical
• Wind to Water

• Wind to Electric
• Wind to Compressed Air
• Wind to Mechanical
• Wind to Water

109
Residential Wind Turbine
Sky Stream 3.7 1.8 kW
110
Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems
111
Radiant Heating Cooling Benefits
112
Geothermal

• Heating Cooling Pumps

113
Combined Heat and Power

• Co-Generation

114
Biomass Energy Resources

• Coal
• Wood Chip
• Methane Recovery
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
• Synthetic-Gas
• Synthetic-Diesel

115
Transportation

• Choosing the right vehicle
• Gas
• Diesel
• CNG
• Electric
• Fuel cell
• Gas / Electric Hybrid
• Diesel / Electric Hybrid

116

• Relative Energy Potential of Vehicle
  Fuels
• All internal combustion engines operate on the
  heat produced by the combustion of the fuel.
• The higher the British Thermal Unit BTU value
  per gallon, the less fuel is required to produce
  the required heat or power.
• Diesel produces 5.52 times as much energy as CNG
  and is more efficient.

117
Diesel Vehicle Facts
118
B100 Properties

• Renewable
• Positive Energy Balance, 3.5-1
• Biodegradable
• 10x less toxic than table salt
• High cetane (averages gt50)
• High lubricity (lt300 HFRR)
• BTU content (118,000 to 120,000)
• Cold flow (feedstock specific)
• Flash point gt260 F
• No nitrogen or aromatics
• Virtually sulfur free
• Contains 11 oxygen by weight

119
Calculating the Value of Energy Efficiency

• Energy Accountability
• Audit, Track and Bench Mark
• Energy Values and Conversions
• Consumption and Cost Profiles

120
Analysis

• Review the utility data
• Feasibility Study Business Plan
• What are your needs
• What is your potential
• What is your budget
• Calculating ROI Return of Investment
• Calculating NOI Net Income Investment
• Life cycle cost analysis

121
Calculating Efficiency

• ROI return on investment
• NOI net operating income
• Life Cycle Cost Analysis

122
Return On Investment

• Simple Payback
• (Cost Rebate) / Savings /month ROI
• Total Annual Savings true cost avoidance
• NOI
• Pay Close Attention to operating hours used by
• vendors to calculate savings.

123
Example Calculation

• Occupancy Sensors
• Existing lighting 18 - 4LT8 at 112 watts each
• Annual usage 2,145 hours (39 wks at 50 hrs plus
  10)
• Reported unused time 15 or 321 hours
• Savings 321 18 112 649 kWh / year
• Savings 649 kWh 0.10/KWh 65 annually
• Rebate 25
• Installed cost 75
• Payback 0.75 years

124
Motor Efficiency Example

• Car Mileage Upgrade
• 25 mpg to 30mpg
• 20 increase in efficiency
• life savings 1,300
• 15hp Motor Upgrade
• 86 to 90 efficient
• 4 increase in efficiency
• life savings 2,320

125
Transportation Life Cycle Cost Analysis

• VW Jeta Diesel auto
• 24,000.00
• EPA Average Mileage - 46 mpg
• Cost Per Gallon - 2.50
• Based on 15 gallons per fill up
• 37.50 /690 0.054/mile
• Other Considerations
• Maintenance Cost same
• Oil Change 6000 mi. synthetic
• Batteries - No
• Average Life Cycle 200,000 mi.
• Average Trade In - 6500.00

• Prius Gas/Electric Hybrid auto 28,000.00
• EPA Average Mileage 36 mpg
• Cost Per Gallon - 2.00
• Based on 15 gallons per fill up
• 30 /540mi. 0.055/mile
• Other Consideration
• Maintenance Cost same
• Oil Change 3000 mi.
• Batteries -
• Average Life Cycle 100,000 mi.
• Average Trade In - 5000.00

126
Life Cycle Cost Analysis

• Standard Design vs. High Performance Design

Construction Cost vs. Operating Cost Over 30
Years for a 100,000 Sq. Ft. Facility
Construction Cost vs. Operating Cost
127
Collaborative Initiatives

• Community - renewable alternative energy
• projects
• Aggregate energy purchasing - deregulated market
• Community Recycling Programs
• Community Domestic Water Sewer Services

128
Green Buildings Business

• High Performance design build
• Green materials
• Green Roofs
• IAQ - indoor air quality
• Emissions reduction

129
Environmental Impact

• The United States Environmental Protection Agency
  Estimates that every kilowatt-hour (kWh) of
  electricity use avoided prevents the emission of
  the following
• 1.5 pounds of carbon dioxide
• 5.8 grams of sulfur dioxide
• 2.5 grams of nitrogen oxides
• A facility saving 10 per year equals a
  10,000 kWh.
• These savings are equal to the removal
  of
• 15,000 pounds of carbon
  dioxide emissions
• 128 pounds of sulfur dioxide
• 55 pounds of nitrogen oxide
• 
  OR
• 2 automobiles removed from highways annually
• 1 acre of trees being planted

130
Session IV Energy Policy from the Ground Up
130

• Residential/Personal
• Community
• Utility/Regional

131
Energy Policy Residential/Personal
131
132
Energy Policy Residential/Personal
132

• Key Concepts Terms
• Demand Side Management
• Least Cost Procurement
• price x use cost
• Transmission Distribution
• Renewable Energy

133
Energy Policy Community
133
134
Energy Policy Utility/Regional
134
135
Energy Policy Utility/Regional
135

• Key Concepts Terms
• Wholesale/Retail
• Integration/Deregulation
• ISO NE
• Public Utilities Commission (PUC)
• Renewable Energy Standard
• Distributed Generation
• Peak Load
• Integrated Resource Planning
• Standard Offer

136
Energy Policy Environmental Effects
136