Media Type: Sound Common File Formats: .WAV, .MID, .AU Description: Sound complements your titles with music, sound effects and voiceovers that create a mood, add emphasis, communicate ideas, or signal interactivity.

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Media TypeSoundCommon File Formats.WAV,
.MID, .AUDescriptionSound complements your
titles with music, sound effects and voiceovers
that create a mood, add emphasis, communicate
ideas, or signal interactivity.
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Sound

• How to make sounds
• How to record and edit sounds
• How to incorporate sounds into your work

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Sound Types in Multimedia

• 1) Narration
• 2) Sound effect
• 3) Music

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1) Narration

• Voice recording for specific use at a
  predetermined time or on demand in an
  interactive environment.
• Says what you want to say and when you want to
  say it
• Example demonstrating a process or procedure, it
  can be repeated, on demand, at the users
  discretion.

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Narration

• Developer creates the narrative sound track
  himself/herself or has it done by an outside
  source.
• Some of the considerations are
• Can I do it myself?
• Is my voice quality sufficient for the job?
• Do I have the equipment to do the recording?
• If I use an outside source, where do I go?
• Does my project have the funds to pay for outside
  sources?

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2) Sound Effects

• Most commonly used sound format in the
  development of multimedia productions
• Very effective at getting a point across and
  grabbing the attention of an audience
• One of the easiest formats to obtain from
  companies specialize in producing sound effects
  for distribution
• e.g CD-ROM
• formats include .aif, .wav, and others, and are
  compatible with Macintosh and Windows
  applications

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3) Music

• Obtained through various clip media vendors
• To support any musical taste and to accompany any
  style graphic or video
• Two types
• Basic Sound(Digital audio)
• Advance Sound (MIDI)

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MIDI

• Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• developed in early 1980s for electronic musical
  instruments and computers.
• Allows music and sound synthesizers from
  different manufacturers to communicate each other
  by sending messaged along cables connected to the
  devices
• Protocol for passing detailed descriptions of a
  musical score, such as notes, sequences of notes,
  and what instrument will play these notes

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MIDI

• Not digitized sound it is a shorthand
  representation of music stored in numeric form
• A score that depends on the capabilities of your
  sound system, the other on the quality of your
  musical instruments and the capabilities of your
  sound system
• MIDI files are much more compact than digital
  audio files - independent of playback quality

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MIDI

• MIDI files are small, they dont take much RAM,
  disk space,and CPU resources
• May sound better than digital audio files if MIDI
  sound source is of high quality
• Can change the length of a MIDI file(by varying
  its tempo)without changing the pitch of the music
  or degrading the audio quality
• Completely editable- right down to the level of
  an individual note

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MIDI

• MIDI files are small, they dont take much RAM,
  disk space,and CPU resources
• May sound better than digital audio files if MIDI
  sound source is of high quality
• Can change the length of a MIDI file(by varying
  its tempo)without changing the pitch of the music
  or degrading the audio quality
• Completely editable- right down to the level of
  an individual note
• Require a modicum of familiarity with musical
  scores, as well as audio production

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Choosing between MIDI and Digital Audio

• In general, use MIDI data in the following
• Digital audio wont work because you dont have
  enough RAM, hard disk space, or CPU processing
  power
• You have a high quality sound source
• You have complete control over the playback
  hardware
• You dont need spoken dialog

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Choosing between MIDI and Digital Audio

• In general, use digital audio in the following
• You dont have complete control over the playback
  hardware
• You have the computing resources to handle
  digital files
• You need spoken dialog

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Making MIDI audio

• Midisoft Studio for Windows to make MIDI scores
• Sound synthesizer(typically built into the sound
  boards on PCs)
• A MIDI Keyboard - useful to simplify creation of
  musical scores
• File formats .mid

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Digital Audio

• Digitize sound from
• microphone
• synthesizer
• existing tape recordings
• live radio and television broadcasts
• popular CDs
• records

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Digital Audio

• Digitize sound is sampled sound
• Three sampling frequencies most often used in
  multimedia are
• CD-quality 44.1KHz
• 22.05 KHz
• 11.025 KHz
• Sample sizes are either 8 bits or 16 bits
• The larger the sample size, the better the data
  describes the recorded sound

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Preparing digital audio files

• Balancing the need for sound quality with your
  available RAM and hard disk resources
• Setting proper recording levels to get a good,
  clean recording

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File Size versus Quality

• For a monophonic recording
• sampling rate duration of recordings in seconds
  (bit resolution/8) 1
• For a stereo recording
• sampling rate duration of recordings in seconds
  (bit resolution/8) 2
• Example For a 10-second recording at 22.05KHz,
  8-bit resolution would be
• 22050 10 8/8 1 220,500 bytes

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Evaluating sound quality
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Editing Digital Recordings

• Trimming
• Splicing and Assembly
• Volume adjustments
• Format conversion
• Resampling or downsampling
• Fade-ins and Fade-outs
• Equalization
• Time Stretching
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP) process signal
  with effects such as reverberation, multitab
  delay, chorus, flange, and other special effects

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Audio File Formats

• A sounds file format is simply a recognized
  methodology for organizing the digitized sounds
  data bits and bytes into a data file
• On the Macintosh, digitized sounds may be stored
  as data files , .AIF or .SDII
• On the Windows, .WAV
• On the Internet,

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Adding Sound to your Multimedia Project

• 1. Decide what kind of sound is needed(such as
  background music, special sound effects, and
  spoken dialog). Fit the sound cues into your
  storyboard.
• 2. Decide where and when you want to use either
  digital audio or MIDI data.
• 3. Acquire source material by creating it from
  scratch or purchasing it.
• 4. Edit the sounds to fit your project.
• 5. Test the sounds to be sure they are timed
  properly with the projects images. This may
  involve repeating steps 1 through 4 until
  everything is in synch.

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Media TypeVideoCommon File Formats.AVI,
.MPGDescriptionFull-motion video offers a
level of authenticity similar to television or
movies. With video, you can show tasks and events
that words and graphics are inadequate to
explain. And video quickly and effectively
reaches a busy audience.
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Uses of VIDEO

• Common practice to have a video clip or two in a
  presentation
• Fastest way to deliver a message across an
  audience
• Captivate our attention and it also helps us
  retain more information in our memory than with
  just plain text and graphics
• We, are after all, audio-visual creatures

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What is VIDEO?

• A series of frames containing pictures and sound
  played back at a fast rate.
• Single frame is a picture with a specific action.
• Several frames of the same picture but with
  slight variation in the action, are grouped
  together and played back within a specific time,
  the picture will give an impression of movement.

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What is VIDEO?

• Measured in frames per second or fps.
• US, video is played back at 30 fps which is set
  up by their National Television Standards
  Committee , NTSC.
• UK, Australia and most part of Asia uses PAL
  (Phase Alternation Line) , 25 fps for video and
  television playback.
• Multi-systems for television sets and video
  cassette recorders

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TWO Types of VIDEO

• ANALOGUE VIDEO signal having a continuous set of
  values
• DIGITAL VIDEO set of discrete values

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Differences between Analogue and Digital

• Analogue picture can be enlarged to any size
  without loss of quality of the image.
• Digital picture which is made of pixels of
  picture element, loses quality when it is
  enlarged - the total image to be less sharp.

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ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL

• Digitizing means converting the video signal to
  digital information
• To digitize video on your desktop PC
• ANALOGUE source
• VCR, Laser discs players, Camcorder
• FAST CPU and a lot of memory(RAM)
• faster the processor, the better the digital
  video will be, minimum 486 66MHz
• more memory, the easier it is to capture and
  digitize video, minimum 32MBs to 64MBS or more

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ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL

• HARDDRIVE
• Video files consumes a lot of storage space
• fast
• VIDEO CAPTURE BOARD
• connects the analogue source to your computer
• captures the video signals from the source and
  converts the analogue video to digital video
  which uses CODEC to digitize the video
• E.g. CREATIVE Labs Video Blaster

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VIDEO FILE FORMAT

• WINDOWS
• .AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
• combines both audio and video data

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Digital Video Size

• Video files are huge because it contain both
  video and audio data
• To calculate the size of a video, several factors
  need to be considered
• SCREEN SIZE Larger the screen size, the larger
  the video file will be. Full screen video is 640
  x 480 in size- number of pixels on screen.
• Use one quarter screen which is 320 x 240 or one
  sixteenth of a screen, 160 x 120 pixels

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Digital Video Size

• COLOUR Primary Colors, RGB
• Computer, each color take up 8-bits of space per
  pixel.
• Realistic Color digital video, each pixel in a
  computer will comprise of 24-bit color(true
  color)
• FRAME RATE Real time video is played at 25fps
  using PAL and 30fps using NTSC
• Digital video clips are played at 15fps
• more frame rates used per second, larger the
  video file will be.

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Digital Video Size

• SOUND AND TIME
• sound adds storage space to the file higher
  quality , the more space it takes up
• longer the video clip, the larger file size

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CODEC

• Compressor/decompressor
• a software device to compress and decompress
  data(video)
• PC, most widely used CODECS
• Cinepack and Indeo gt .avi
• Apple Quicktime gt .mov
• MPEG gt .mpg

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VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE

• Allows you to edit and add effects and
  enhancement to your digital video clip
• ADOBE PREMIERE
• ASSYMETRIX DVP
• ADOBE AFTER EFFCETS

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Media TypeGraphicsCommon File Formats.DIB,
.BMP, .WMF, .TIFDescriptionGraphics shape the
design of your title, adding visual appeal and
expressing concepts that text alone cannot easily
communicate. You can scan graphics or create them
on a computer, then save them in the file format
you need
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Form of Images

• Photograph
• interactive button
• computer illustration or
• video footage from your camcoder

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Uses of Visual Graphics

• To create dazzling background textures
• Visualization of information and data, such as
  spreadsheet data
• Enhance a textual point on the screen, or making
  a button visually simulating through picture icons

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Types of Graphics or Digital Image

• Vector graphics
• Bitmapped graphics

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Vector graphics

• Describes a shape or image using lines and curves
  and the image is stored as a series of
  co-ordinates
• consists of line drawings such as lines,
  rectangles, ellipses, arcs, spline curves
• Do not look like photographs
• CorelDraw!, Macromedia Freehand and Adobe
  Illustartor

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Examples of Vector Graphics
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Bitmapped graphics

• Images made up of pixels, tiny dots on your
  screen or printer, each of which you can paint a
  particular color
• Images that come from a scanner, a photograph or
  images captured from a video camcorder or TV
• Picture Element

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Bitmapped graphics

• Pixels can be either on or off (the 1-bit bitmap,
  monochrome black and white) or
• Can represent varying shades of color
• 4-bit gt 16 colors
• 8-bit gt 256 colors
• 16-bit gt 65,356 colors
• 24-bit gt millions of colors

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Examples of Bitmapped Graphics
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Different ways to make a bitmap

• Make a bitmap from scratch with a paint program
• Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with
  a screen capture program, and then paste it into
  a paint program or your application
• Capture a bitmap from a photo, artwork using a
  scanner

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Bitmapped graphics software

• Adobe Photoshop
• Windows Paintbrush
• Fractal Design Painter
• PaintShop Pro

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Digital Image File Formats

• .BMP gt Windows Bitmap
• .GIF gt Graphics Interchange Format. A
  CompuServe Information Service Format used to
  compressed bitmapped images
• .JPG gtJoint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG).
  Used by various drawing program and the Internet
  because it compresses bitmapped images into a
  smaller size

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Digital Image File Formats

• .TIF gt Tagged Image File Format. Introduced by
  Aldus and has many file versions. File sizes also
  tend to be rather large

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Acquiring Graphics

• Creating digital images in-house through the use
  of special graphics package
• hiring graphic houses/designers
• purchasing digital clipart
• scanning photographs
• taking digital photos with a digital camera

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Calculating File Size for an Image

• Height of the graphics (the number of pixels
  displayed horizontally)
• Width of the graphics (the number of pixels
  displayed vertically)
• Color depth or bit depth (the number of bits of
  color information in each pixel)

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Calculating File Size for an Image

• Image size(in bytes)
• (Height x Width x Color Depth) /8

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Features of Image Editing Tools

• Multiple windows, which provide views of more
  than one image at a time
• Conversion of major image data types and industry
  standard file formats
• Direct inputs of images from scanner and video
  sources
• Employment of a virtual memory scheme that uses
  hard disk space as RAM for images that require
  large amounts of memory

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Features of Image Editing Tools

• Capable selection tools, such as rectangles,
  lassos, and magic wands, to select portions of a
  bitmap
• Image and balance controls for brightness,
  contrast, and control balance
• Good masking features
• Multiple undo and restore features
• Anti-aliasing capability, and sharpening and
  smoothing controls
• Color-mapping controls for precise adjustment of
  color balance

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Features of Image Editing Tools

• Tools for retouching, blurring, sharpening,
  lightening, darkening, smudging, and tinting
• Geometric transformations such as flip, skew,
  rotate, and distort, and perspective changes
• Ability to resample and resize an image
• 24-bit color, 8- or 4-bit indexed color, 8-bit
  gray scale, black and white,and customizable
  color palettes
• Ability to create images from scratch, using
  line, rectangle, square, circle, ellipse,
  polygon, airbrush etc

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Features of Image Editing Tools

• Multiple typefaces, styles, and sizes, and type
  manipulation and masking routines
• Filters for special effects, such as crystallize,
  dry brush, emboss, facet etc
• Ability to design in layers that can be combined,
  hidden, and reordered.

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Media TypeTextCommon File Formats.TXT,
.RTF, .DOCDescriptionText often shapes the
content of a multimedia title, delivering key
information and helping people navigate among
topics. As a rule, keep text brief and select a
font that is easy to read onscreen.
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Media TypeAnimationCommon File Formats.FLC,
.FLIDescriptionAnimation enhances a project
by activating graphics - charts that grow,
mechanical objects that function - to illustrate
your point. You can also use animated effects,
such as text or logos flying onto the screen.