Jazz: The American Music

1
Jazz The American Music

• "Jazz is a good barometer of freedom. In its
  beginnings, the United Statesspawned certain
  ideals of freedom and independence through
  which,eventually, jazz was evolved, and the
  music is so free that many people sayit is the
  only unhampered, unhindered expression of
  complete freedomyet produced in this country."
• Duke Ellington

What a Wonderful World Louis Armstrong https//w
ww.youtube.com/watch?vE2VCwBzGdPM Blues
https//www.youtube.com/watch?v0zYzzmlK_9I
2
Historical and Cultural Perspectives

• Definitions
• Origins of the word jazz
• African-American Roots

3
Definitions

• Confluence of African and European Music
  Traditions
• Jazz is a musical art form which originated at
  the beginning of the 20th century in African
  American communities in the Southern United
  States from a mingling of African and European
  music traditions. The styles West African
  influence is evident in its use of blue notes,
  improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation and the
  swung note. (Wikipedia)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vwE2CtJ3hgvU
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vLVEoUkf-gN4
• Jazz is a "form of art music which originated in
  the United States through the confrontation of
  blacks with European music jazz differs from
  European music in that jazz has a special
  relationship to time, defined as 'swing', a
  spontaneity and vitality of musical production in
  which improvisation plays a role and sonority
  and manner of phrasing which mirror the
  individuality of the performing jazz musician.
  Thus, improvisation is clearly one of the key
  elements in jazz. Jazz Critic Joachim Berendt
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?voVvF7S2hW5U

4
Word Origins

• The word jazz began as a West Coast slang term of
  uncertain derivation. The earliest known
  references to jazz are in the sports pages of
  various West Coast newspapers covering the
  Pacific Coast League, a baseball minor league
• Ben Henderson, Portland Beavers, 1912. BEN'S
  JAZZ CURVE. "I got a new curve this year," softly
  murmured Henderson yesterday, "and I'm goin' to
  pitch one or two of them tomorrow. I call it the
  Jazz ball because it wobbles and you simply can't
  do anything with it."

5

• The first musical reference to jazz was in
  Chicago about 1915 as found in the Chicago Daily
  Tribune on July 11, 1915
• Blues Is Jazz and Jazz Is Blues . . . The Worm
  had turned--turned to fox trotting. And the
  "blues" had done it. The "jazz" had put pep into
  the legs that had scrambled too long for the
  515. . . . At the next place a young woman was
  keeping "Der Wacht Am Rhein" and "Tipperary Mary"
  apart when the interrogator entered. "What are
  the blues?" he asked gently. "Jazz!" The young
  woman's voice rose high to drown the piano. . . .
  The blues are never written into music, but are
  interpolated by the piano player or other
  players. They aren't new. They are just reborn
  into popularity. They started in the south half a
  century ago and are the interpolations of darkies
  originally. The trade name for them is "jazz."

6

• The first known use in New Orleans, discovered by
  lexicographer Benjamin Zimmer in 2009, appeared
  in the New Orleans Times-Picayune on Nov. 14,
  1916
• Theatrical journals have taken cognizance of the
  "jas bands" and at first these organizations of
  syncopation were credited with having originated
  in Chicago, but any one ever having frequented
  the "tango belt" of New Orleans knows that the
  real home of the "jas bands" is right here.
  However, it remains for the artisans of the stage
  to give formal recognition to the "jas bands" of
  New Orleans.

7
African/American Roots

• By 1808 the Atlantic slave trade had brought
  almost half a million Africans to the United
  States. The slaves largely came from West Africa
  and brought strong tribal musical traditions with
  them.
• Lavish festivals featuring African dances to
  drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo,
  or Congo Square, in New Orleans until 1843.
• African music was largely functional, for work or
  ritual, and included work songs and field
  hollers. The African tradition made use of a
  single-line melody and call-and-response pattern,
  but without the European concept of harmony.
  Rhythms reflected African speech patterns, and
  the African use of pentatonic scales led to blue
  notes in blues and jazz.

Modern Day Congo Square
8
(No Transcript)
9

• Congo Square Dancers

African Drumming Ensemble http//www.youtube.com/
watch?v-xQtpLU-NvI
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• In the early 19th century an increasing number of
  black musicians learned to play European
  instruments, particularly the violin, which they
  used to parody European dance music in their own
  cakewalk dances.
• In turn, European-American minstrel show
  performers in blackface popularized such music
  internationally, combining syncopation with
  European harmonic accompaniment.
• Another influence came from black slaves who had
  learned the harmonic style of hymns and
  incorporated it into their own music as
  spirituals.

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Compendium of Jazz Styles and Performers
12
1890s to 1910s

• The abolition of slavery in 1865 led to new
  opportunities for the education of freed
  African-Americans, though strict segregation
  limited employment opportunities for most blacks.
  However, blacks were able to find work as
  entertainmers in dances, minstrel shows, and in
  vaudeville. Black pianists also played in bars,
  clubs, and brothels, as ragtime developed.
• Ragtime
• Blues
• New Orleans Dixieland

13
Ragtime

• Origins and Style
• Ragtime (alternately spelled Ragged-time) is an
  originally American musical genre which enjoyed
  its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918.
• Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated,
  or "ragged", rhythm.
• It began as dance music in the red-light
  districts of American cities such as St. Louis
  and New Orleans years before being published as
  popular sheet music for piano.
• Ragtime fell out of favor as Jazz claimed the
  public's imagination after 1917, but there have
  been numerous revivals since as the music has
  been re-discovered.
• Proponents Joseph Lamb, James Scott, Scott
  Joplin

14
Scott Joplin (1868 1917)Maple Leaf Rag

• Joplin was an African-American and pianist, born
  near Texarkana, Texas into the first post-slavery
  generation.
• He achieved fame for his unique ragtime
  compositions, and was dubbed the "King of
  Ragtime."
• During his brief career, he wrote forty-four
  original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and
  two operas.
• Joplin died at age 48 and his music was mostly
  forgotten by all but a small, dedicated community
  of ragtime aficionados until the major ragtime
  revival in the early 1970s.
• In 1976 Joplin was posthumously awarded the
  Pulitzer Prize.

15

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpMAtL7n_-rc

16
Aeolian Player Piano

• Aeolian Company, founded in 1878, developed the
  player piano, a self-playing piano, containing a
  pneumatic or electro-mechanical mechanism that
  plays on the piano action pre-programmed music
  via perforated paper rolls.
• Ragtime became a favorite selection for the
  player piano

17
Aeolian Player Piano
Player Roll
18
Blues

• Origins and Style
• Blues is the name given to both a musical form
  and a music genre created within the
  African-American communities in the Deep South of
  the United States at the end of the 19th century
  from spirituals, work songs, field hollers,
  shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative
  ballads.
• The first appearance of the blues is not well
  defined and is often dated after the Emancipation
  Act in 1863, between 1870 and 1900.
• This period corresponds to the transition from
  slavery to sharecropping, small-scale
  agricultural production and the expansion of
  railroads in the southern United States.
• Several scholars characterize the early 1900s
  development of blues music as a move from group
  performances to a more individualized style.
• The origins of the blues are also closely related
  to the religious music of the Afro-American
  community, the spirituals.
• When the blues appeared, before blues gained its
  formal definition in terms of chord progressions,
  the blues was defined as the secular counter part
  of the spirituals.

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• Form
• The blues form is characterized by
• the use of specific chord progressions the
  twelve-bar chord progressions being the most
  frequently encountered
• blue notes sung or played for expressive purposes
  and distinguished by the use of the flattened
  third, fifth and seventh of the associated major
  scale.

Chords played over a twelve-bar scheme Chords for a blues in C Chords for a blues in C
 
I I or IV I I7
IV IV I I7
V V or IV I I or V
C C or F C C7
F F C C7
G G or F C C or G
20

• Lyrics
• The traditional blues verse was probably a single
  line, repeated four times.
• It was only later that the current, most common
  structure of a line, repeated once and then
  followed by a single line conclusion, became
  standard, the so-called AAB pattern.
• Proponents
• Jelly Roll Morton, Robert Johnson, Blind Boy
  Fuller, Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith

21
Bessie Smith(1892 1937)

• The Empress of the Blues
• Major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists
• Baby Wont You Please Come Home

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzCrtErmipXE
22
New Orleans Dixieland

• Origins and Style
• Dixieland is an early style of jazz that
  developed in New Orleans and it is the earliest
  recorded style of jazz music.
• The style combined earlier brass band marches,
  French Quadrilles, ragtime and blues with
  collective, polyphonic improvisation.
• The "standard" band consists of a "front line" of
  trumpet, trombone, and clarinet, with a rhythm
  section" of at least two of the following
  instruments guitar or banjo, string bass or
  tuba, piano and drums.
• The definitive Dixieland sound is created when
  one instrument (usually the trumpet) plays the
  melody or a recognizable paraphrase or variation
  on it, and the other instruments of the "front
  line" improvise around that melody. This creates
  a more polyphonic sound.
• The swing era of the 1930s led to the end of many
  Dixieland Jazz musicians' careers.
• Proponents King Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton,
  Original Dixieland Jass Band, Louis Armstrong

23
Louis Daniel Armstrong(1901 1971)

• Nicknamed Satchmo or Pops
• American jazz trumpeter and singer (scat)
• Foundational influence on jazz was to shift
  musics focus from collective improvisation to
  solo performers

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All-Star Band
Dream a Little Dream http//www.youtube.com/watc
h?vOFl97eZbruc
Hello Dolly http//www.youtube.com/watch?vkmfeK
UNDDYs
When the Saints Go Marching In http//www.youtub
e.com/watch?vwyLjbMBpGDA
25
1920s and 1930s

• Swing
• European Jazz

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Swing

• Origins
• Prohibition in the United States (from 1920 to
  1933) banned the sale of alcoholic drinks,
  resulting in illicit speakeasies becoming lively
  venues of the Jazz Age.
• Jazz started to get a reputation as being immoral
  and many members of the older generations saw it
  as threatening the old values in culture and
  promoting the new decadent values of the Roaring
  20s.
• While New Orleans remained an important jazz
  center, Chicago became the main center during
  this timeframe.

27

• Precursors and Influences of Big Band Swing
• Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924.
• Therell Come a Time
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v7pj1ZEKz4Cw

(1903-1991)
The Wolverines
28

• Also in 1924, Louis Armstrong joined the Fletcher
  Henderson Dance Band and then formed his
  virtuosic Hot Five Band.

(1901-1971)
Fletcher Henderson Dance Band Variety
Stomp http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhcYBwRjMqjg
listPL4BD19972C5BB458E
Hot Five Band
29

• Jelly Roll Morton recorded with the New Orleans
  Rhythm Kings in an early mixed-race
  collaboration, then in 1926 formed his Red Hot
  Peppers.

(1890 1941)
30

• There was a larger market for jazzy dance music
  played by white orchestras, such as Paul
  Whitemans orchestra. In 1924 Whiteman
  commissioned Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, which
  was premièred by Whiteman's Orchestra.

(1890 1967)
Paul Whiteman Orchestra
George Gershwin (1898 1937) Rhapsody in
Blue https//www.youtube.com/watch?v1U40xBSz6Dc
31

• Other influential large ensembles included Duke
  Ellingtons band (which opened an influential
  residency at the Cotton Club in 1927) in New
  York, and Earl Hines Band in Chicago. All these
  performers and ensembles significantly influenced
  Big Band Swing.

Earl Hines (1903 1983)
Duke Ellington (1899 1974)
Grand Terrace Café Chicago
Duke Ellington Band
Earl Hines Band
Cotton Club New York City
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• Style
• The 1930s belonged to popular swing big bands, in
  which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as
  the band leaders.
• Swing was also dance music. It was broadcast on
  the radio 'live' nightly across America for many
  years especially by Hines and his Grand Terrace
  Cafe Orchestra broadcasting coast-to-coast from
  Chicago. Although it was a collective sound,
  swing also offered individual musicians a chance
  to 'solo' and improvise melodic, thematic solos
  which could at times be very complex.
• Over time, social strictures regarding racial
  segregation began to relax in America white
  bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and
  black bandleaders white ones.
• Proponents
• Count Basie, Cab Calloway, Jimmy Dorsey and
  Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman,
  Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Glenn Miller,
  Artie Shaw and Louis Armstrong

33
Tommy Dorsey and Jimmy Dorsey(1905 1956)
(1904 1957)
Jimmy Dorsey Orchestra
Tommy Dorsey Opus One http//www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v_7QjMZ4ckZc
34
Harry James(1916 1983)
Harry James Orchestra and Frank Sinatra Stardust
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vR_bI8ANUSLI
35
Artie Shaw(1910 2004)
Artie Shaw Orchestra
Moonglow
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vAKQ7v3S9atM
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Glenn Miller(1904 1944)
Glen Miller Orchestra
Sing, Sing, Sing http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
r2S1I_ien6A
In the Mood http//www.youtube.com/watch?v_CI-0
E_jses
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Beginnings of European Jazz

• Outside of the United States the beginnings of a
  distinct European style of jazz emerged in France
  with the Quintette du Hot Club de France which
  began in 1934.

38

• Belgian guitar virtuoso Django Reinhardt (1910
  1953) popularized gypsy jazz, a mix of 1930s
  American swing, French dance hall musette" and
  Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive
  feel. The main instruments are steel stringed
  guitar, violin, and double bass. Solos pass from
  one player to another as the guitar and bass play
  the role of the rhythm section.

Jattendrai Swing, 1959 http//www.youtube.com/wa
tch?vm6bZskQlY4w
Dark Eyes http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3WHQ0tw
HQgo
39
1940s and 1950s

• Dixieland Revival
• Bebop
• Cool Jazz
• Hard Bop
• Modal Jazz
• Free Jazz

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Dixieland Revival

• In the late 1930s there was a revival of
  Dixieland" music, harkening back to the original
  contrapuntal New Orleans style. This was driven
  in large part by record company reissues of early
  jazz classics by the Oliver, Morton, and
  Armstrong bands of the 1930s.
• There were two populations of musicians involved
  in the revival. One group consisted of players
  who had begun their careers playing in the
  traditional style, and were either returning to
  it, or continuing what they had been playing all
  along, such as Bob Crosbys Bobcats, Max
  Kaminsky, Eddie Condon, and Wild Bill Davison.
  Most of these groups were originally
  Midwesterners, although there were a small number
  of New Orleans musicians involved.
• The second population of revivalists consisted of
  young musicians such as the Lu Watters Band. By
  the late 1940s, Louis Armstrongs All-Stars Band
  became a leading ensemble. Through the 1950s and
  1960s, Dixieland was one of the most commercially
  popular jazz styles in the US, Europe, and Japan,
  although critics paid little attention to it.

41
Bob Crosby(1913 1993)
Jazz Me Blues http//www.youtube.com/watch?voQW
EMXyEAS8
The Bob Cats
42
Lu Watters(1911 1989)
Lu Watters Band
Love Me or Leave Me http//www.youtube.com/watch
?ved9p5XLGZn0
43
Bebop

• Origins and Style
• In the early 1940s bebop performers helped to
  shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a
  more challenging "musician's music." Differing
  greatly from swing, early bebop divorced itself
  from dance music, establishing itself more as an
  art form but lessening its potential popular and
  commercial value.
• Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not
  danced to, it used faster tempos. Beboppers
  introduced new forms of chromaticism and
  dissonance into jazz the dissonant tritone (or
  "flatted fifth") interval became the "most
  important interval of bebop" and players engaged
  in a more abstracted form of chord-based
  improvisation which used "passing" chords,
  substitute chords, and altered chords.
• The style of drumming shifted as well to a more
  elusive and explosive style, in which the ride
  cymbal was used to keep time, while the snare and
  bass drum were used for unpredictable, explosive
  accents.
• Proponents Thelonious Monk, trumpeters Dizzy
  Gillespie and Clifford Brown, tenor sax player
  Leston Young, and drummer Max Roach

44
Charlie Parker (1920 1955)Dizzie Gillespie
(1917 1993)

• Hot House
• Charlie Parker
• Dizzie Gillespie
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v_3rZ5mpGqlc

Charlie Parker
Dizzie Gillespie
45
Thelonious Monk(1917 1982)

• Blue Monk
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcWOz9mILqbA

46
Bud Powell(1924 1966)

• A Night in Tunisia
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpthRYbt3JCE

47
Max Roach(1924 2007)

• Mr. Hi Hat
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vH8syiOwwVyY

48
Cool Jazz

• Origins and Style
• By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and
  tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency
  towards calm and smoothness, with the sounds of
  cool jazz, which favored long, linear melodic
  lines. It emerged in New York City, as a result
  of the mixture of the styles of predominantly
  white jazz musicians and black bebop musicians,
  and it dominated jazz in the first half of the
  1950s.
• Proponents
• Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans, Gil Evans,
  Stan Getz, the Modern Jazz Quartet. An important
  recording was trumpeter Miles Davis Birth of
  Cool (tracks originally recorded in 1949 and 1950
  and collected as an LP in 1957).

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Miles Davis(1926 1991)

• Jeru from Birth of the Cool
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vGXARxrBozOs
• Cool Jazz
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1P5xZyK4cFw

50
Dave Brubeck(1920 - 2009)

• Take Five
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPQLMFNC2Awo

51
Hard Bop

• Origins and Style
• Hard bop is an extension of bebop (or "bop")
  music that incorporates influences from rhythm
  and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in
  the saxophone and piano playing.
• Hard bop was developed in the mid-1950s, partly
  in response to the vogue for cool jazz in the
  early 1950s.
• The hard bop style coalesced in 1953 and 1954,
  paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues.
• Proponents
• Miles Davis' performance of "Walkin'" the title
  track of his album of announced the style to the
  jazz world.
• The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers,
  fronted by Blakey and featuring pianist Horace
  Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown, were also
  leaders in the hard bop movement.

52
Miles Davis(1926 1991)
Walkin http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJhVnWRqQ8
sA
53
Art Blakey(1919 1990)

• Buhainas Delight
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vAh68wqyYcRs

The Jazz Messengers
54
Modal Jazz

• Origins and Style
• Modal jazz is a development beginning in the
  later 1950s which takes the mode, or musical
  scale, as the basis of musical structure and
  improvisation.
• Previously, the goal of the soloist was to play a
  solo that fit into a given chord progression.
  However, with modal jazz, the soloist creates a
  melody using one or a small number of modes. The
  emphasis in this approach shifts from harmony to
  melody.
• Proponents
• Miles Davis recorded the best selling jazz album
  of all time in the modal framework Kind of Blue
• Other innovators in this style include John
  Coltrane (1926 1967) and Herbie Hancock (b.
  1940).

55
Miles Davis Kind of Blue
All Blues http//www.youtube.com/watch?vrFuHKvE
uFbU
56
Free Jazz

• Origins and Style
• Free jazz broke through into an open space of
  "free tonality" in which meter, beat, and formal
  symmetry all disappeared, and a range of world
  music from India, Africa, and Arabia were melded
  into an intense, even religiously ecstatic style
  of playing.
• While rooted in bebop, free jazz tunes gave
  players much more latitude the loose harmony and
  tempo was deemed controversial when this approach
  was first developed.
• Proponents
• Ornette Coleman, Cecil Taylor. John Coltrane,
  Archie Shepp,
• Sun Ra, Albert Ayler and Pharoah Sanders

57
John Coltrane(1926 1967)

• A Love Supreme
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWbbLP4vSe9k

58
Farrell Pharoah Sanders(B. 1940)

• Thembi
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlyirrcT5a6QlistPL
  EC920898469FB539

59
Sun Ra(1914 1993)

• Sun Ra and His Arkestra
• Face the Music
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1qjiQwD7VCI

60
1960s and 1970s

• Latin Jazz
• Post Bop
• Soul Jazz
• Fusion

61
Latin Jazz

• Origins and Style
• Latin jazz combines rhythms from African and
  Latin American countries, often played on
  instruments such as conga, timbale, guiro, and
  claves, with jazz and classical harmonies played
  on typical jazz instruments (piano, double bass,
  etc.)
• There are two main varieties Afro-Cuban jazz and
  Brazilian jazz

62
Afro-Cuban Latin Jazz

• Afro-Cuban jazz was played in the US right after
  the bebop period
• It began as a movement in the mid-1950s as bebop
  musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Billy
  Taylor started Afro-Cuban bands influenced by
  such Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians as
• Proponents Xavier Cugat, Tito Puente and Arturo
  Sandoval

63
Xavier Cugat(1900 1990)

• Tico Taco
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vG8LEnGmnF3o

64
Tito Puente(1923 2000)

• Oye Como Va
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzZQh4IL7unM

65
Brazilian Jazz

• Brazilian jazz became more popular in the 1960s
• Brazilian jazz such as bossa nova is derived from
  samba, with influences from jazz and other 20th
  century classical and popular music styles
• Bossa is generally moderately paced, with
  melodies sung in Portuguese or English. This
  style was pioneered by Brazilians Joao Gilberto
  and Antonio Carlos Jobim.
• The related term jazz-samba describes an
  adaptation of bossa nova compositions to the jazz
  idiom by American performers such as Stan Getz
  and Charlie Byrd.

66
Joao Gilberto(b. 1931)

• Desafinado
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vZuNEuzMzryA

67
Stan Getz(1927 1991)

• Bossa Nova Medley
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlo1SiVwVqiclistPL
  7302F398326C31BB

68
Post Bop

• Origins and Style
• Post-bop is a term for a form of small-combo jazz
  music that evolved in the early-to-mid sixties
  from earlier bop styles.
• Generally, the term post-bop is taken to mean
  jazz from the mid-sixties onward that assimilates
  influence from hard bop, modal jazz, avant-garde
  jazz, and free jazz, without necessarily being
  immediately identifiable as any of the above.
• By the early seventies, most of the major
  post-bop artists had moved on to jazz fusion of
  one form or another.
• Proponents
• John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Bill Evans, Charles
  Mingus, Wayne Shorter and Herbie Hancock

69
Wayne Shorter(b. 1933)

• Fee Fi Fo Fum
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhEzAJJfTtBE

70
Herbie Hancock(b. 1940)

• Dolphin Dance from Maiden Voyage
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?viB2Z2DY17yQ

71
Soul Jazz

• Origins and Style
• Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which
  incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel
  and rhythm and blues in music for small groups,
  often the organ trio which featured the Hammond
  organ. Tenor saxophone and guitar were also
  important in soul jazz
• Soul jazz was developed in the late 1950s and was
  perhaps most popular in the mid-to-late 1960s,
• Although the term "soul jazz" contains the word
  "soul," soul jazz is only a distant cousin to
  soul music, with its origins in gospel and RB
  rather than jazz.
• Unlike hard bop, soul jazz generally emphasized
  repetitive grooves, melodies, and melodic hooks.
  The kinds of rhythms used tend to vary as well.
• Proponents Lee Morgan, Herbie Hancock, Horace
  Silver

72
Lee Morgan(1938 1972)

• The Sidewinder
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v5a4n6yZIXxI

73
Herbie Hancock(b. 1940)

• Cantaloupe Island
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcqwmDNPegnM

74
Fusion

• Origins and Style
• Fusion or, more specifically, jazz fusion or jazz
  rock, was developed in the late 1960s from a
  mixture of elements of jazz such as its focus on
  improvisation with the rhythms and grooves of
  funk and RB and the beats and heavily amplified
  electric instruments and electronic effects of
  rock.
• While the term "jazz rock" is often used as a
  synonym for "jazz fusion", it also refers to the
  music performed by late 1960s and 1970s-era rock
  bands when they added jazz elements to their
  music such as free-form improvisation.
• After a decade of development during the 1970s,
  fusion split into different branches in the
  1980s. While some 1980s performers continued the
  improvisatory and experimental approaches of the
  1970s, others moved towards a lighter, more
  pop-infused easy-listening style called smooth
  jazz which often included vocals.
• Fusion music is typically instrumental, often
  with complex time signatures, meters, rhythmic
  patterns, and extended track lengths, featuring
  lengthy improvisations.
• Many prominent fusion musicians are recognized as
  having a high level of virtuosity, combined with
  complex compositions and musical improvisation in
  complex or mixed meters.
• Proponents Gary Burton, Larry Coryell, Miles
  Davis

75
Miles Davis(1926 1991)

• Black Comedy from Miles in the Sky
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1aXx_CkSzfo

76
1980s to 2010

• In the 1980s, the jazz community shrank
  dramatically and split. A mainly older audience
  retained an interest in traditional and
  straight-ahead jazz styles.
• Pop Fusion
• Hip-Hop
• Straight Ahead
• Experimental

77
Pop Fusion

• Origins, Style and Proponents
• In the early 1980s, a lighter commercial form of
  jazz fusion called pop fusion or smooth jazz"
  became successful.
• A smooth jazz track is downtempo, layering a
  lead, melody-playing instrument over a backdrop
  that typically consists of programmed rhythms and
  various pads and/or samples radio airplay.
• Proponents include Grover Washington, Jr., Kenny
  G, Najee and Michael Lington.

78
Kenny G. Kenneth Gorelick(b. 1956)

• Sentimental
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vro_dQ6cb09E
• Baby G
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vtNAeQQdR7ls

79
Hip Hop

• Origins and Style
• Hip hop originated in the 1970s in New York City
  (Bronx)
• Hip hop's "golden age" is a name given to a
  period usually from the late 1980s to early 90s -
  said to be characterized by its diversity,
  quality, innovation and influence. There were
  strong themes of Afrocentricity and political
  militancy, while the music was experimental and
  the sampling was eclectic. There was often a
  strong jazz influence
• Hip hop music may be based around either live or
  produced music, with a clearly defined drum beat
  (almost always in 4/4 time signature), presented
  either with or without vocal accompaniment.
• Hip hop was almost entirely unknown outside of
  the United States prior to the early 1980s.
  During that decade, it began its spread to every
  inhabited continent and became a part of the
  music scene in dozens of countries.
• Proponents Public Enemy, KRS-One, Eric B and
  Rakim, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, Jungle
  Brothers

80
Public Enemy

• Dont Believe the Hype from It Takes a Nation
  of Millions to Hold Us Back
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vgWna-0J27Mwfeature
  PlayListpBBE920EB875C4A1Bplaynext1playnext_f
  romPLindex19

81
KRS-One Lawrence Krishna Parker(b. 1965)

• MCs Act Like They Dont Know
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vt2tAYWZLlMQ

82
Straight Ahead

• In the 2000s, straight ahead jazz continues to
  appeal to a core group of listeners.
• Well-established jazz musicians, such as Dave
  Brubeck, Wynton Marsalis, Wayne Shorter and
  Jessican Williams continue to perform and record.
  
• In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of young
  musicians emerged, including US pianists Brad
  Mehldau, Jason Moran, and Vijay Iyer, guitarist
  Kurt Rosenwinkel, vibrophonist Stefon Harris,
  trumpeters Roy Hargrove and Terence Blanchard,
  and saxophonists Chris Potter and Joshua Redman.

83
Joshua Redman(b. 1969)

• Live in Lausanne 2008
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v9xQZRDpDJhE

84
Experimental

• The more experimental end of the spectrum has
  included US trumpeters Dave Douglas and Rob
  Mazurek, saxophonist Ken Vandemark, Norwegian
  pianist Bugge Wesseltoft, the Swedish group
  E.S.T, and US bassist Christian McBride.

85
Christian McBride(b. 1972)

• Bye-Bye Blackbird
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vUHu7ow9Kepw

86
Dance or Pop Music

• Toward the more dance or pop music end of the
  spectrum are St. Germain Ludovic Navarre , who
  incorporates some live jazz playing with house
  beats, and
• Jamie Cullum, who plays a particular mix of jazz
  standards with his own more pop-oriented
  compositions.

87
St. GermainLudovic Navarre

• Pseudodementia from Boulevard
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vp7NTuwX6v6cfeature
  PlayListp5585FE6930591AA2playnext1playnext_f
  romPLindex4

88
Jamie Cullum(b. 1979)

• What a Difference a Day Made
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vF1r6GcPqFSo

89
Postlude

• In 1987, the US House of Representatives and
  Senate passed a bill proposed by Democratic
  Representative John Conyers, Jr. to define jazz
  as a unique form of American music stating, among
  other things, "...that jazz is hereby designated
  as a rare and valuable national American treasure
  to which we should devote our attention, support
  and resources to make certain it is preserved,
  understood and promulgated."

90
Prelude The Advent of Rock
Bill Haley and the Comets Rock Around the
Clock http//www.youtube.com/watch?vF5fsqYctXgM