Rate of Secretion

1
Rate of Secretion

• Influence of udder pressure
• Intervals between milking
• 12 hours vs. others
• 2X vs. 3X
• Young cows vs. old cows

2
Udder Pressure Secretion Rate
3
Rate of Secretion

• of fat and interval between milking?
• of fat and milk production?

4
Epithelial cell
Alveolar Lumen
Drop of fat
Migrating drop of fat
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
E.R.
Blood Vessel
5
Epithelial Cell
Alveolar Lumen
Drop of fat
Migration of drop of fat
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
E.R.
Blood Vessel
6
Epithelial Cell
Alveolar Lumen
Drop of fat
Migration of drop of fat
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Mitohcondria
E.R.
Blood Vessel
7
Epithelial Cell
Alveolar Lumen
Drop of fat
Cellular Secretion
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Migration of drop of fat
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
E.R.
Blood Vessel
8
Epithelial Cell
Alveolar Lumen
Cellular Secretion
Drop of fat
Migration of drop of fat
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
E.R.
Blood Vessel
9
Production and Frequency of Milking(Erdman
Varner, 1995 JDS)
Item Production Fat Protein
Studies 40 18 4 2X 42.9 3.65 3.10 3X 50
.6 3.51 3.05 Studies 4 3 3 2X 54.6 4.71
3.49 4X 64.5 4.53 3.44
10
Milk Fat Exercise
11
Milking Machine

• Vacuum
• Atmospheric Pressure- 14.7 lbs/sq. in.
• Mercury Rises at 30 in. Barometric Pressure
• Milking Machine - 13 to 15 in.

12
Milking
Teat Cistern
Metal tip
Pulsation Chamber
Liner
Vacuum or atmospheric pressure
Vacuum
13
Beginning of Resting Phase
-The pulsator allows air to enter the pulsation
chamber. -The liner collapses.
14
MASSAGE
Collapsed liner. Massage on the teat stops the
milk from flowing out.
The nipple collapses and the teat compresses
15
Beginning of the Milking Phase
The vacuum takes out the air and the nipple
opens
16
Beginning of the Milking Phase
17
Milking Phase
The milk flows when the nipple is open and the
there is suction
18
End of the Milking Phase
19
Beginning of the Resting Phase
The pulsator repeats the process
20
Milking Machine

• Cycles of pulsation - of times they change from
  the milking phase to the resting phase in one
  minute.
• Rate of Pulsation Percentage of time that the
  liner is in the milking phase compared to the
  percentage of time the liner is in the resting
  phase.

21
Milking Equipment
Reserve or Distribution Tank
Pulsator
A tray, receiver or milk line
Regulator
22
of Fat During Milking
23
Milker

• Automatic Take Off - How can they affect fat
  content

24
Milk Secretion Phase

• How long does Oxytocin work?
• Adrenaline interferes

25
Milk Secretion
Brain
nerves
P.P.
Stimulus
26
Milk Secretion
nerves
P.P.
27
Milk Secretion
nerves
P.P.
28
Milk Secretion
P.P.
29
Milk Secretion
Abdominal Aorta
Oxytocin
Jugular Vein
heart
30
Milk Secretion
Oxytocin
31
Milk Secretion
Oxytocin
32
Milk Secretion
Oxytocin
33
Milk Secretion
34
Milk Secretion
35
Milk Secretion
36
Milk Secretion
37
Alveolar Contraction
Artery
Veins
Lumen
Myoepithelial Cell
Oxytocin
Collecting Ducts
38
Alveolar Contraction
Oxytocin
Myoepithelial Cell Contraction
39
Alveolar Contraction
Oxytocin
Myoepithelial Cell Contraction
40
Alveolar Contraction
Myoepithelial Cell Contraction
41
Alveolar Contraction
The flowing of milk into the collecting ducts
42
Alveolar Contraction
The epithelial cell relaxes
43
Alveolar Contraction
44
Alveolar Contraction
45
Alveolar Contraction
46
Alveolar Contraction
47
Mastitis

• Inflamtion of the mammory gland
• infection or trauma
• IMPORTANT
• reduces milk production
• increases culled cows
• expensive treatments and discarded milk
• poor quality milk

48
Mastitis

• Clinical
• acute or chronic
• abnormal appearance of milk, udder, and cow
• Subclinical
• You dont see it
• Somatic Cells.- epithelial cell and leukocytes

49
Milk Production and SCC
Lact. Ave. Lact. Ave. Lowered
Production (305d) LCS SCC (1000/ml) Lact.
1 Lact. gt1
0 12.5 - - 1 25 - - 2 50 - - 3 100
-200 -400 4 200 -400 -800 5 400 -600 -120
0 6 800 -800 -1600 7 1600 -1000 -2000
50
Mastitis

• Contagious Bacteria
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Streptococcus agalactiae
• Corynebacterium bovis

51
Mastitis

• Environmental Bacteria
• Escherichia coli
• Klebsiella species
• Citrobacter species
• Enterobacter species
• Streptococcus uberis, dysgalactiae, equinus,
  many others
• Enterococcus faecalis faecium

52
Mastitis

• Other Microorganisms
• Coagulase neg. staphylococci
• Pseudomonads
• Yeast
• Mycoplasma species

53
Likelihood of New Infection

• Intensity of teat end exposure to pathogens
  (pathogen load)
• Likelihood of pathogens gaining entry to mammary
  gland
• Ability of pathogens to grow in mammary gland
  survive host defense systems

54
Liner slip Mastitis
55
Air - when liner slips
Droplet Impacts
Impacts
Air
Air
Air
56
Correlations between Udder Morphology Liner
Slips
Characteristic Correlation
Front udder height -.23 Rear udder
height -.28 Udder levelness .25 Front
teat distance - before milking .44 Rear teat
distance - before milking .34
57
Liner Slip

• Vacuum level?
• Liner type?

58
Milking Speed Mastitis (Phenotypic Relationship)
Likelihood of Mastitis
Slow Average flow rate Fast
59
Rates of New Infection by Stage of Lactation
Rates of New Infection
Immune suppression
Dry Calving Lactation Dry off
60
Why New Infections Near Calving?

• Physiological stress associated with parturition
• Reduced concentration of nonspecific immune
  factors in secretions
• Edema leaking of milk
• Components of colostrum that interfere with
  leukocyte function

61
Why New Infections at Beginning of Dry Period?

• Flushing of teat ducts is terminated
• Increased udder pressure leakage of milk
• Teat dipping cleaning stopped
• Phagocyte function (immune cells) is impaired

62
Why Few New Infections During Middle of Dry
Period?

• Low stress
• Decreased intramammary pressure
• Keratin plug
• Increased leukocyte concentration
• Increased concentrations of nonspecific immune
  factors (lactoferrin)

63
Exposure to Pathogens

• Contagious pathogens
• Reservoir - infected glands
• Milking equipment, hands, hygiene practices, teat
  conditions
• Environmental pathogens
• Exposure to teat surface is mostly between
  milkings

64
No. Klebsiella Bacteria per ml of Bedding
100K 10K 1K 100
65
No. Coliform Bacteria per ml of Bedding
10m 1m 100K 10K 100
66
Detection Diagnosis of Mastitis

• Herd level
• SCC
• Conductivity
• Bulk tank cultures
• Herd cultures

67
Detection Diagnosis of Mastitis

• Cow level
• Physical examination
• Appearance of milk
• California mastitis test (CMT)
• SCC
• Conductivity
• Antibody tests (Staph. Aureus)
• Individual cow/quarter cultures

68
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
infected udder
Test tube to aseptically collect samples
69
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Possible infected udder
2 to 3 streams of foremilk
70
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
.1 ml sample is drawn
71
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Sample is smeared on a blood agar plate
Blood agar plate
72
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Mastitis-causing bacteria colonies
Blood agar plate 1 per quarter
73
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Streptococcus
74
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Staphylococcus Aureus
75
Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Coliforms, and other gram negative organisms
76
Changes in Milk Composition Associated with
Increased SCC
Constituent Normal milk High SCC milk
SNF 8.9 8.8 Fat 3.5 3.2 Lactose 4.9
4.4 Total protein 3.6 3.6 Total
casein 2.8 2.3 Whey protein .8 1.3
77
Changes in Milk Composition Associated with
Increased SCC
Constituent Normal milk High SCC milk
Serum albumin .02 .07 Lactoferrin .02 .10 I
mmunoglobulins .10 .60 Sodium .057 .105 Ch
loride .091 .147 Potassium .173 .157 Calci
um .12 .04
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Control of Mastitis

• Premilking preparation
• Cleaning drying teats
• Limit water dry - use indiv. towel
• Predipping
• Can help with environmental mastitis
• Methods?
• Hazards?

79
Control of Mastitis

• Backflushing
• Contagious pathogens
• Necessary?

80
Control of Mastitis

• Teat dipping (post milking)
• Contagious pathogens mostly (50 reduction in new
  infections)
• Tested products only (Iodine or Chlorine based)
• Barrier dips
• Hazards/problems?
• Application methods?

81
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
82
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
83
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Side spray does NOT cover all of teat touched by
liner!!
84
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
85
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
86
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
87
Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
88
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
89
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
90
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
91
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
92
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
93
Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
94
Control of Mastitis

• Dry cow therapy
• Treat all cows/quarters
• Cures existing infections
• Decreases new infections at drying off (Strep.
  Ag. - not E. coli.)
• Does not impact new infections at calving
• Hazards/problems?
• Application methods?

95
Partial Insertion
Long cannula
Short cannula
Do NOT insert long cannula all the way into the
teat -will cause damage to keratin
96
Sphincter muscle
Streak canal
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100
Insert cannula just through the streak canal
-further insertion may damage keratin
101
Control of Mastitis

• Segregation
• Sick cows separate milk last
• Select replacements carefully
• Bedding
• Clean dry
• Inorganic if possible
• Stall design housing
• Bedded packs are a problem

102
Control of Mastitis

• Nutrition
• Vitamins (E is critical)
• Selenium (recommend .3 ppm)
• Keep cows standing after milking
• Feeding?

103
Control of Mastitis

• Vaccination
• Stimulate antibodies against mastitis
• Problem - many strains
• Coliform - J5 vaccines
• Reduces number of clinical events severity (not
  fewer infections)
• Other vaccines (Staph. Aureus)

104
Mastitis Therapy

• Antibiotics
• 10-12 over the counter drugs
• 5-6 prescription drugs
• Extra-label use (need Rx)
• Careful with residues (withdrawl)
• Intramammary infusion or under skin

105
Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Subclinical mastitis (SCC or conductivity)?
• Clinical mastitis
• Know pathogens involved - critical
• Historical record is critical to success
• Severity is important

106
Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Coliform mastitis
• Acute or peracute - vet or intense treatment
  including fluid anti-inflammatory
• Mild to moderate - oxytocin milking
• Antibiotic therapy - not indicated
• Problems/issues?

107
Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Staph. aureus
• Antibiotic therapy - try initially
• Problems/issues?
• Strep. agalactiae
• Antibiotic therapy - usually works
• Problems/issues?

108
Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Strep. other than Strep. agalactiae
• Antibiotic therapy - usually indicated
• Problems/issues?
• Other species?

109
Heifer Mastitis

• More prevalent than most people think
• gt50 of quarters infected
• Coag. neg. staph.
• Strep. other than Strep. Agalactiae
• Staph. Aureus
• Antibiotic therapy before calving?

110
Detacher Setting Flow Rates Left Over Milk
Left Over Milk in lbs.