ASIAN TRADITIONS in an AGE of GLOBAL CHANGE Chapter 22

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ASIAN TRADITIONS in an AGE of GLOBAL
CHANGEChapter 22
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Map ExerciseMap 22 Routes Products in the
Asian Trading Network, c. 1500 (page 506)

• a. Identify the 3 zones
• b. What elements of geography define the zones?
• c. What are the choke points?
• d. What are the major ports where are they
  located?
• e. What religion controlled the Indian Ocean
  Zone? (see p. 158)
• f. What products are traded within the zones?
• g. To control the trade on the map, what would
  you need to do?
• h. Which zone would trade with both zones? Why?

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Map ExerciseMap 22.2 Ming China and the Zheng
He Expeditions, 1405-1423 (page 530)

• Compare maps 22.1 22.2.
• What conclusions do you reach?
• Why?

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Asian trading world Europeans
Portuguese arrive India - products not good
enough to trade
Muslim traders dominated commerce - blocked
spread of Catholicism
Muslims Asians divided
1500 Asian trading network middle East Africa
to East Asia
3 zones Arab glass, carpet, tapestry India
cotton textiles China paper, porcelain, silk
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rest raw materials - spices - ivory
trade along coastal routes
converge Red Sea Persian Gulf Straits
of Malacca
no central control no military force
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Portuguese use force to enter network early 1500s
supremacy on African Indian coasts
want monopoly over spice trade license all
vessels trading b/t Malacca Ormuz
build forts - Ormuz - Goa - Malacca
Portuguese have some success - lacked resources
to enforce - corruption among officials
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Dutch English challenge 1600s
English fall back to India
Dutch capture Malacca - concentrate on spice
monopoly - better control - peacefully exploit
system - bought sold Asian products w/in system
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could control sea but not inland
European Tribute System
Europeans accepted power of Asian rulers -
permission to trade
wars few Sri Lanka cinnamon Java
coffee Philippines - north
tribute system like Americas
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Missionaries
Protestants not interested
Catholics were not much success
Islam Hinduism hard to convert
happens in isolated areas - northern
Philippines - convert leaders - traditional
beliefs remain strong
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Early Impact
by 1700s minimal impact on South SE Asia
trade routes commercial centers
Asian system survived - Europeans accept rather
than destroy
exchanges dont match Columbian Exchange
European ideas dont impress or impact Asia
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Ming China (1368 1644)
Hongwu drives out Mongols
China most populous internal resources advanced
technology bureaucracy
revive scholar-gentry civil service exam
reinstated
reforms limit influence of scholar-gentry -
end corruption
improve lives of peasantry
yet power of rural landlords grows
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subordination of women to men youth to elders
draconian laws force obedience
women confined to household - upper class
educated
economic growth contacts with other civilizations
American food crops help with population growth
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Chinese products in demand throughout Asian
Europe - allowed to trade only in Macao Canton
merchants gain wealth, buy land
patrons of fine arts
books printing, novels
Zhenghe Expeditions
Chinese potential for global expansion
1405-1423
abandoned b/c Chinese thought money better spent
at home
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Chinese withdraw into isolation
Europeans try to gain access - missionaries -
Franciscans Dominicans (masses) - Jesuits
(court elite)
scientific technical knowledge key to success
Ming decline late 1500s inferior
leadership, corruption
failure of public works projects Yellow
River - starvation rebellion
Jurchen (Manchus) seize control
Qing Dynasty
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Japan
Nobunga (daimyo) makes use of firearms (1570s)
successor tries to invade Korea - unsuccessful
Tokugawa Ieyasu shogun 1603 - family in power
for 250 years
brings all daimyos under Edo (Tokyo) control
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Europeans in Japan
brought firearms, clocks, printing presses
traded for silver, copper, crafts
missionaries protected (by Nobunga) as a
counterforce to Buddhists
convert many
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Isolation
restrict foreign influence 1580s
missionaries forced to leave - Christians
persecuted, banned 1614
merchants confined to few cities Japanese ships
not allowed overseas
1640s only Dutch Chinese ships and only to
Deshima Island
western books banned
1700s school National Learning - based on
indigenous culture - replaces new-Confucianism
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What was the nature of the Asian sea-trading
network?

• large trading network Middle East to East Asia
• 3 zones Muslim (glass, carpet, tapestry)
• Indian (cotton textiles)
• China (paper, porcelain, silk)
• other areas provided raw materials
• luxury items went across the zones
• basic bulk items traded within the zone
• most navigation along the coast (monsoons, shops,
  navigational instruments)
• crucial points of Malacca, Ormuz Red sea
• no central control
• no military force

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What did the Portuguese discover when they
arrived at Calicut how did they respond?

• the Indians did not want anything the Portuguese
  had to trade, only wanted silver
• decided to take by force the spices goods they
  wanted
• Asians could not compete with Portuguese ships
  military power
• 1502 force ports to open up, submit to tribute
  system
• build forts, , capture Ormuz, Malacca Goa

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How were the Dutch able to displace the
Portuguese and how did their participation in the
Asian trading network differ from the Portuguese?

• Portuguese were overextended and declining as a
  trading empire
• could not exploit hostility b/t English Dutch
• Dutch captured Malacca
• built a new port at Batavia closer to spice
  producers
• concentrate on specific spices instead of all
  trade
• had more ships, better armed
• more systematic about the trade
• regulated supply of cloves, nutmeg, mace by
  uprooting plants on islands they didnt control
• worked peacefully through the system
• relied on fees charged for transportation of goods

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Where did the European establish tribute systems?

• anywhere they went ashore in early centuries of
  expansion
• tribute paid in form of agricultural products
  grown there
• India, Southeast Asia
• same as in the Americas

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How successful were European Christian missionary
efforts by the early 1660s?

• not successful in India at all some tried with
  the lower castes and some tried with the upper
  castes and neither could convert many
• China some but not many
• Japan quite a few until they were kicked out of
  the country
• Philippine Northern part most success,
  indigenous, small states, take them over
• Philippines Southern part not successful at
  all - Islam

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How did the Ming restore the traditional forms of
government?

• Hong-Wu knew they were needed for a true Chinese
  revival
• scholars who knew Confucian classics appointed to
  high positions in government
• state subsidies to support imperial academies
  regional colleges
• civil service exam re-instated, expanded
• exam played a greater role in in determining
  entry into the bureaucracy at what level.
• ½ of all government officials earned their
  position through exams

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Why did the Chinese withdraw from commercial
expansion?

• Chinese ambivalent about worth of voyages
• few tangible returns form the voyages
• scholar-gentry argued they were a luxury the
  empire could not afford
• Mongols getting restless north of the Great Wall
• defense of the empire come before overseas
  exploration
• Emperors after Yunglo were not enthusiastic about
  voyages

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What steps led to the restoration of the Japanese
Shogunate?

• Nobunga able to consolidate much of central
  Honshu, surprise attacks, use of firearms,
  brutality may have cowed some daimyos into
  submission
• Hideyoshi broke power of more daimyos, though
  alliances and war victories
• Tokugawa Ieyasu consolidated power at home,
  granted title of Shogun by Emperor in 1603
• reorganized the remaining daimyos
• estates reduced in size, broken up and absorbed
  by the Tokugawa family

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Why did the Japanese resort to isolation as a
response to European expansion?

• doubts about European intentions
• might follow-up commercial missionary overtures
  with military expeditions to take over Japan
• know Europeans are strong with firearms and
  tenacious
• worries that merchants missionaries might
  subvert the existing social order
• missionaries campaign to convert from above fails
  when Nobunga dies
• Hideyoshi lukewarm to missionaries
• Buddhists had been crushed, didnt need
  missionaries any more
• reports of converts refusing to obey overlords
  command because the conflicted with Christian
  beliefs

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Compare contrast the European intrusion into
the African commercial system with their entry
into the Asian trade network.

• similarities limited colonization
• use of coastal island trading forts
• inability to affect political development by
  conquest
• introduction of firearms that influenced
  political development
• Portuguese initiated contact
• attempt missionary work with limited success
• differences role of slavery in trade
• Asian supply of raw materials, spices,
  manufactured goods
• Asian isolation vs. African commercial alliances
  with the West

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Discuss the European impact on Asian civilization
during the period of early modern Western
expansion.

• greatest impact on the periphery
• Asian islands tribute system
• introduction of firearms to Japan
• impact minimal- Europeans lacked goods Asians
  wanted
• Christianity had minimal success
• China Japan opt for isolation, fundamental
  structures remain unchanged