ISNS%203371%20-%20Phenomena%20of%20Nature

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ISNS 3371 - Phenomena of Nature

• Dr. Phillip Anderson

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ISNS 4371 - Phenomena of Nature

• Spring 2007
• INSTRUCTOR
• Dr. Phillip C. Anderson 972-883-2875 Room
  FO2.708D
• cell 469-371-3744 email phillip.anderson1_at_utda
  llas.edu
• TEACHING ASSISTANTS
• Jeff Peden 972-883-2867 Room FO1.426email
  loganpeden_at_sbcglobal.net
• OFFICE HOURS
• Dr. Anderson Tuesday/Thursday 1000 AM 1100
  PM and by appointment
• Mr. Peden Tuesday 200 PM - 300 PM and by
  appointment.

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• Spring 2007
• TEXT
• Conceptual Physical Science Explorations by
  Hewitt, Suchocki, Hewitt
• Slides will be available on web at
  www.utdallas.edu/pca015000
• GRADING
• Exams (3) 2 Exams _at_ 25 each 50
• February 8th and March 15th
• Final Exam (April 24 _at_ 8am) 30
• Quizzes 10
• Short quizzes may be given during any class
  period
• Homework See attached sheet - 10

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• Spring 2007
• ATTENDANCE is important since exams and quizzes
• are based on material covered in class.
• A seating chart will be made on the second day of
  class.
• If your grade is on the borderline between two
  letters, your attendance will be used to
  determine whether to raise or lower your grade

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• For the benefit of your fellow students and your
  instructors, please practice common courtesy with
  regard to all class interactions.
• Please be sure your cell phone and beeper are
  OFF.
• Be on time for class.
• Do not leave class early. You will be disturbing
  other students. Quizzes may be given and
  attendance may be taken at any time
• If you must miss a class inform Dr. Anderson in
  advance by phone or e-mail.
• Please do not use your laptops and the wireless
  network to play games, attend chat rooms, etc It
  is important to pay attention in class. We will
  move quickly and each new topic will build on
  concepts previously covered. If you fall behind
  at any time, you will find it difficult to catch
  up. Quizzes may by given at any time and may
  cover topics from the current or a previous
  class.

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• We hope this class will be a rewarding experience
  for you. We will be performing laboratory
  experiments in almost every class demonstrating
  relevant principles of physics. We will cover
  many concepts that will explain how the world
  works and hope you will gain some appreciation
  for the intricacies of the natural world.
• This is a demanding course. We will cover many
  important concepts from physics and chemistry and
  will use some simple mathematics throughout the
  course. We will move quickly and each new topic
  will build on concepts previously covered. If
  you fall behind at any time, you will find it
  difficult to catch up. You are expected to study
  for every class. We may have quizzes at any
  time.

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• Spring 2007 - HOMEWORK PROJECT
• Select an atticle from a newspaper or a news
  magazine dealing with science and its
  relationship with society, that is, with the
  environment, weather, global warming, space
  exploration, health, dna, genetic engineering,
  etc.
• Articles dealing with purely social issues will
  not be accepted.
• Write a report on the article. The report must
  contain
• 1. Title of the article.
• 2. Name of publication (Dallas Morning News, New
  York Times, Time, Newsweek. Reports from the
  internet are acceptable.) Note that the Dallas
  Morning news has a science section every Monday.
• 3. Date of publication.
• 4. A paragraph of two or three sentences on the
  main theme of the article and how it relates to a
  current science issue.
• 5. Your name and assigned seat number in the
  upper right hand corner.

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• Spring 2007 HOMEWORK PROJECT

Attach a copy of the article to the report.
Please staple the article to the report before
coming to class. We do not have a stapler in
class. Reports are due every Tuesday starting on
January 16 with the last one due on April
17. Late reports will not be accepted. A
report is considered late if not handed in by the
end of class (1045 am) on the date due.
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Exams and Quizzes The exams will be held on
February 8th and March 15th. The final will be
on April 24th _at_ 800 AM. I will provide you with
a review handout a week prior to the exams. We
will have two review sessions the week of the
exam at a special times to be determined. There
will be about 10 - 13 quizzes. I will drop the
worst three. The exams and quizzes will deal
only with subjects covered in class. However,
you should read the relevant portions of the text
before and/or after class as they will provide
you with more detailed descriptions of the
covered subjects. A slightly different
description may also give you a better
understanding of the subject matter.
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SYLLABUS - Spring 2007 1. Introduction -
Exploration of Nature, Science A Way of
Knowing Fundamental quantities Measurement
units Scales of distances 2. The Newtonian
Universe Vectors, Scalars Motion - distance,
velocity, acceleration Force - static, net Mass,
momentum, impulse Newtons Laws of
Motion Gravity -force, acceleration, weight,
weightlessness
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3. Energy and Matter Matter - States of
Matter Energy, Work Law of Conservation of
Energy Forms of Energy Transformation of
energy Power Heat, Temperature Transfer of heat -
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Change
of state of matter Gases - gas laws, Boyle,
Charles, General First Law of Thermodynamics Diffu
sion of gases Archimedes Principle Bernoulli
Effect
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4. Exploring the Universe Wave
Motion Waves, Properties of Waves Standing Waves,
Resonance, Interference, Beats Sound Pitch vs.
Frequency, Loudness vs. Intensity Timbre vs.
Harmonics Light Electromagnetic Spectrum -
Color Refraction, Reflection Polarization Doppler
Effect Lenses and Mirrors, Optical
Instruments Scattering - Blue Sky - Red
Sunsets Rainbows Atmospheric Pollution
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Radiation Black Body, Plancks Law Wiens and
Stefans Laws 5. Electricity and
Magnetism Electrostatics Fields and Potential,
Energy and Power Electrical units Volt, Ampere,
Ohm Circuits - Series and Parallel Magnetism Elect
ric Currents and Magnetic Fields Motors,
Generators, Transformers Power Distribution
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6. The Material World Particles of Matter
Atoms, Atomic Structure Atomic Spectra Hydrogen
Atom What is Inside the Atom? The Nucleus
Geochronology, Stability, Radioactivity,
Fission, Fusion Energy of the Future
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• Science
• What is Science?
• Observation and experimentation directed toward
  understanding of the natural world.
• Science is an imaginative adventure of the mind
  seeking truth in a world of mystery. Sir Cyril
  Herman Hinshelwood (1897-1967) English chemist.
  Nobel prize 1956.
• Science is facts just as houses are made of
  stone, so is science made of facts but a pile of
  stones is not a house, and a collection of facts
  is not necessarily science. Jules Henri Poincaré
  (1854-1912) French mathematician.

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• Why study science?
• We live in a world surrounded by science and
  technology.
• Our problems and their solutions are bound up
  with science.
• We are called upon to make decisions, to vote,
  hopefully informed, on issues affecting our
  lives.
• Many of these issues have a significant
  scientific component.

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• Why study science? (Continued)
• For the convenience of the study of science, the
  subject is frequently divided into neat packages
  called biology, chemistry, geology, physics,
  astronomy ---
• Nature is not so divided - Each scientific
  discipline views nature from a different
  perspective, but all are studying the same world.
• This course will focus on a fundamental or
  general look at nature. It will be based on
  physics, the study of the principles that govern
  the natural world.

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• Why are we able to study nature?
• Fundamental assumptions about nature
• Order exists in nature in the universe.
• Order can be discovered by observation and
  experimentation.
• Laws of nature are constant in time and place.
• Philosophical approach to the study of nature.
• Aristotle, Plato
• Senses cannot be relied on
• Must use reason and insights of human mind.

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• Scientific approach to the study of nature
• Copernicus and Galileo introduced observation and
  experimentation in the 16th century.
• Science is not a set of facts.
• It is a way of conducting a dialogue about our
  physical surroundings.
• The scientific method consists of careful
  observation of nature and an open-minded creative
  search for general ideas that agree with and
  predict those observations.
• To be scientific, a statement must be capable of
  being proven wrong.

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• Scientific approach to the study of nature.
• Observation and experimentation set science apart
  from other ways of knowing - ways that are not
  less important - just different
• Philosophy Reason Logic
• Art Appreciation of form Beauty
• Pseudoscience statements
• Hypothesis that cannot be tested with
  reproducible results
• Cold fusion, ufo's, astrology. . .

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The Zodiac
Why the Sun appears to move steadily eastward
along the ecliptic, through the constellations of
the zodiac. As Earth orbits the Sun, we see the
Sun against the background of different zodiac
constellations at different times of year. For
example, on August 21 the Sun appears to be in
the constellation Leo. Defines astral calendar.
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Zodiac Animation
When astrology began - few thousand years ago -
astrological sign supposed to represent the
constellation Sun appeared in on your birth
date. However, because of precession - no longer
case for most people - signs are about a month
off. Sign actually corresponds to constellation
the Sun would have appeared in on your birthday
2000 years ago
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The Scientific Method
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• Scientific approach to the study of nature.
• Hypothesis
• An educated guess to answer a question about
  nature
• Scientific Law
• A hypothesis that has been tested over and over
  again and has not been contradicted
• Scientific fact
• Something that competent observers can observe
  and agree to be true
• Scientific Theory
• Synthesis of facts and well-tested hypothesis.
• General principle offered to explain a set of
  phenomena or observed facts.
• Not all scientific predictions can be tested
  directly
• Core of earth
• Sunenergy
• Expansion of the universe
• Require modelscreative thought
• No ultimate truthsall Provisional
• Ok as long as they are not contradicted

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• Scientific approach to the study of nature.
• Model
• Simplified version of reality used to describe
  aspects of nature.
• Not synonymous with reality.
• Based on assumptions that may simplify some
  aspects of nature, or may be incomplete
  statements about nature
• Useful to make predictions that can be verified
  by experimentation or observation.

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Hallmarks of Science

• Modern science seeks explanations for observed
  phenomena that rely solely on natural causes.
• Science progresses through the creation and
  testing of models of nature that explain the
  observations as simply as possible.
• A scientific model must make testable
  predictions about natural phenomena that would
  force us to revise or abandon the model if the
  predictions do not agree with observations.
• The hypotheses we accept ought to explain
  phenomena which we have observed. But they ought
  to do more than this our hypotheses ought to
  foretell phenomena which have not yet been
  observed. William Whewell (1794-1866) English
  mathematician, philosopher.

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Occams Razor
The idea that scientists should prefer the
simpler of two models that agree equally well
with observations - the second hallmark - after
medieval scholar William of Occam (1285 - 1349).
For instance, original model of Copernicus
(Sun-centered) did not match the data noticeably
better than Ptolemy's model (Earth-centered).
Thus, a purely data-driven judgment based on the
third hallmark might have led scientists to
immediately reject the Sun-centered idea.
Instead, many scientists found elements of the
Copernican model appealing, such as the
simplicity of its explanation for apparent
retrograde motion. Was kept alive until Kepler
found a way to make it work.
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Galileo Galilei (1564 1642) I do not feel
obliged to believe that the same God who endowed
us with sense, reason, and intellect intended us
to forgo their use. I have never met a man so
ignorant that I couldnt learn something from
him. All truths are easy to understand once they
are discovered, the point is to discover them.
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955) When you are
courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second.
When you sit on a red-hot cinder a second seems
like an hour. That's relativity. If my theory of
relativity is proven correct, Germany will claim
me as a German and France will declare that I am
a citizen of the world. Should my theory prove
untrue, France will say that I am a German and
Germany will declare that I am a Jew. If we knew
what it was we were doing, it would not be called
research, would it? The most incomprehensible
thing about our universe is that it can be
comprehended. I shall never believe that God
plays dice with the world (speaking about quantum
mechanics). A little knowledge is a dangerous
thing. So is a lot.
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"The airplane stays up because it doesn't have
the time to fall." Orville Wright. "Physics is
like sex sure, it may give some practical
results, but that's not why we do it. Richard
Feynman. The most exciting phrase to hear in
science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is
not 'Eureka!' ('I found it!') but rather
'hmm....that's funny...'" Isaac Asimov.
Examples of hmmm thats funny Discovery
of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in
1929. Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in
1895.
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• FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

QUANTITY UNIT DEFINITION
Length Meter Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during 1/299,792,458 second
Mass Kilogram Kilogram 1000 grams 1 gram mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4?C.
Time Second Time for a cesium atom to make 9,192,631,770 vibrations
Force Newton Force to accelerate 1 kilogram by 1 meter per second per second
Energy Joule Amount of work done by a force of 1 Newton acting over a distance of 1 meter
Temperature Kelvin 1/273 of temperature of freezing point of water
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• MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

ENGLISH Developed in England Used in the United States
METRIC Developed after the French Revolution (1791)
INTERNATIONAL (SI) The modern version of the metric system - formally established in 1960 by the International Conference on Weights and Measures
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• EXPONENTIAL NOTATION

1,000,000,000 109 giga G
1,000,000 106 mega M
1,000 103 kilo k
100 102 hecto h
10 101 deka da
1 100 - -
0.1 10-1 deci d
0.01 10-2 centi c
0.001 10-3 milli m
0.000001 10-6 micro ?
0.000000001 10-9 nano n
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• SCALES OF DISTANCE

Astronomical Unit AU Average distance between the Earth and the Sun
Light Year LY Distance light travels in one Year 1 LY 186,000 Miles/Second x 31,500,000 Seconds 5.8 x 1012 Miles
Parsec PC Distance of an object that would have a stellar parallax of 1 Second of Arc 1 PC 3.26 LY 206,000 AU
Angstrom A A distance of 1x10-8 cm Visible Light has wavelengths from 4000 to 7000 A
Nanometer nm A distance of 10-9 meter or 10-7 cm Visible light has wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm
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DEFINITIONS Scalar A quantity that has only
size or magnitude. Examples mass, inertia,
weight, temperature Vector A quantity that has
both size and direction. Examples velocity,
acceleration, force