Ancient Rome Republic to Empire

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Ancient RomeRepublic to Empire

• Chapter 5
• Pages 100 - 115

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Ancient Rome VIDE?

• R?me Just the Facts
• Lets Check it out shall we

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Geography Mapping
Alps
Gauls
Ancient Italy about 600 B.C
Po River
Tiber River
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
Carthage
Africa
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Surrounding Countries Today
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Geography Protection

• The sea provided some protection, but as
  technology developed the seas were more easily
  navigated
• North of Rome are the Alps, which block cold
  winds and provide a pleasant climate
• The Po River- fed by melting snow from the Alps
  provides fresh water
• The northern plain is the most fertile and best
  for farming

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Movement

• The west had good harbors
• Rivers could be easily navigated by small boats

• Most people lived in the west where the land was
  more fertile than the east
• The Tiber River also provided food and
  transportation
• Rome was located inland and was not exposed to
  sea raids

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The Peoples of Italy

• The Latins, founders of Rome, were Nomadic
  farmers and herders
• Through their movement they landed near the Tiber
  River
• By 750 B.C. they had settled
• Their small farming villages soon grew into
  city-states and eventually into the city of Rome

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Cultural Absorption

• Romans adopted ideas from the advanced
  civilizations of the Phoenicians and Greeks who
  had set up colonies in Sicily
• Examples the ability to develop fortified cities
• The technology to grow olives and grapes
• The Etruscans who migrated to Italy from Asia
  Minor seized Rome about 600 B.C.

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Founding Republic

• 509 B.C. Romans overthrew the Etruscan king
  Tarquin the Proud and established a Republic- all
  citizens have the right to vote and choose their
  leaders
• Elected leaders represent the people
• The Roman Empire lasted for 500 years
• Wealthy landowners dominated early Rome patricians

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Commoners

• Plebeians-farmers, artisans, small merchants, and
  traders
• They could own land, but not hold office or marry
  into patrician families
• Click Me For A Jingle!!

'Coriolanus Addressing the Plebians'
Coriolanus
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Slaves
patricians
plebeians

• Lowest class of Roman society
• Most were prisoners of war, but some were
  plebians who had been enslaved for debt
• Slaves were not citizens and had no legal rights

slaves
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Early Government

• Patricians controlled the government of the early
  Republic through the senate
• The senate was made up of 300 patricians
• They served for life
• They guided foreign and domestic policies
• Each year the senate chose two consuls or
  officials from their own class to administer laws

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Ignition

• What is a consul?
• Who were the patricians plebeians?
• Objective Government Continued
• Homework Note card outline the class structure
  of the Roman government and the role of the
  military

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Consuls continued

• During their one year terms, they directed the
  government commanded the army
• Each consul had equal power
• Each had a right to veto- or block action
• In times of crisis the senate would appoint a
  dictator absolute power, six month reign
• The Establishment of a Republic

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The Roman Army

• Initially, only Patricians were allowed in
• Rome had many enemies Etruscans, Gauls, and
  Latins
• After the Gauls burned Rome in 390 B.C. the
  senate turned to plebeians for help
• Soon, all citizens who owned property were
  required to serve in the army
• Soldiers were trained in using slings, javelins,
  spears, and swords

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Ignition

• What was one purpose of having a superior road
  system?
• Who fought in the Roman army?
• Objective Military continued, changes in
  government, Roads
• Homework None

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Continued

• Wealthy soldiers provided their own equipment and
  fought without pay
• Poor soldiers received little pay and wore issued
  guard
• The army was divided into 6,000 men legions and
  as a result could move quickly and efficiently

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Changes in Government

• As plebeians fought they began to demand more
  rights
• The Assembly was changed to include plebeians and
  patricians
• They called it the Assembly of Centuries
• Together, laws were passed and consuls elected
• The Assembly of Centuries also elected the censor
  who recorded tax, voting data, and the moral code
  

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Ignition

• What was a typical chariot ride like in Ancient
  Rome?
• What types of vehicles would one see on Roman
  roads?
• How did travelers know which direction to go?
• Objective Family systems, education, women,
  religion
• Homework Quiz Friday

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Assembly of Tribes

• Elected ten tribunes speakers for plebeian
  interests
• At first the tribunes had no political power
  plebeians refusal to fight in the army changed
  that policy
• 451 B.C. Romes first law code- The Twelve Tables
  of Law strictly separated plebeians and
  patricians
• Listing the laws and punishments protected all
  citizens from unfair treatment

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Family

• Lived in large extended families
• Bachelors penalized, large families rewarded
• Large families steady number of soldiers and
  manpower for farming
• Father had absolute power over the family
• He held the right to sell his daughter or son
  into slavery or to abandon an unwanted child

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Education

• Mostly supervised by the father personally
• Rich families sent their children to private
  schools
• Girls often received the same education as boys
• Schools emphasized history, storytelling,
  reading, writing, and public speaking or rhetoric

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Women

• Had few legal rights
• Were citizens and may be called to testify in
  court
• Were not allowed to vote or hold office
• Marriages were arranged on or around the age of
  14
• Women would gain property rights and be able to
  leave wills and property to family
• Could attend theater and public festival
• Shared household decision, kept family accounts,
  and oversaw personal slaves

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Religion

• Worshiped many gods public and private
• Each household had a shrine devoted to the
  spirits
• Romans were fond of public rituals and festivals
  dedicated to particular gods and goddesses
• Example Janus - god of beginnings-January
• Listen)

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Ignition

• What was the mans role in the typical Roman
  family? How about the female?
• What was schooling like for males, females,
  elite, and the poor?
• Objective Roman expansion, beginnings of war,
  intro to projects
• Homework brainstorm ideas for project

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The Conquest of Italy

• For 200 (509-133 B.C.) years after the founding
  of the Republic, Romans fought for control of
  central Italy
• Romans now ruled all of Italy, and gave Latins
  full citizenship
• More distant peoples were not given citizenship,
  but were allowed to control their own affairs

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Roman Roads

• The Romans were expert builders, and their road
  systems were superb
• Roads were built by the military for military
  purposes and trade
• Roads encouraged trade and spread technology and
  culture

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Engineering An EmpireIgnition

• Questions to the video
• 1. what were three major engineering feats of the
  Roman Empire?
• 2. What were the baths like?
• 3. List five ways that Roman engineering had had
  a direct effect on our engineering in the West.

Be sure you have these questions answer them as
we go
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Rivalry Between Rome and Carthage

• Carthage was located on the coast of North Africa
• Founded by the Phoenicians about 814 B.C. it had
  grown into a huge trading empire
• Rome and Carthage fought three wars over trade
• They were called the Punic Wars
• See It Here

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Continued

• The war raged on for 23 years
• Rome defeated Carthage and overtook Sicily,
  Sardinia, and Corsica.
• The Punic War forced Rome to build a navy fleet
  and propelled them forward in the trading world
• Hamiclar and his son Hannibal- Leaders of
  Carthage, swore revenge on Rome

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Hannibals March

• 218 B.C. Hannibal looks to invade Rome
• His war tactics are known as some of the most
  daring ever
• Hannibal, his troops, and military elephants,
  left from Spain and marched across the Pyrenees,
  through France and over the high peaks of the
  Alps
• Hannibal lost ½ of his army and nearly all of his
  elephants on the 15 day journey

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Ignition

• Who was Hannibal and where was he from?
• What was the First Punic War?
• Describe and aqueduct.
• Objective Second Punic War, Fall of Hannibal
  Engineering an Empire
• Homework Materials for your project we will
  work in class on them Friday

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continued

• Despite the long march, the attack caught Rome
  totally off guard
• For 15 years Hannibal and his army moved across
  Italy winning battle after battle in the Second
  Punic War
• Despite all of their battle victories,
  Carthaginians were never able to capture the city
  of Rome

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Hannibal put in his place

• Romans outlasted Hannibal
• They soon sent a large military force to attack
  Carthage
• A swift victory made Rome the masters of the
  Mediterranean

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Death of Hannibal

• At first, Hannibal was allowed to remain free
  after the second Punic War
• Carthage made a rapid recovery and Rome feared an
  attack
• When Hannibal heard that the Romans were coming
  to capture him he fled east
• Upon being cornered, he took his own life with
  poison

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Carthage Destroyed

• Hannibal was dead and Carthage continued to keep
  its deal of peace
• Rome still saw Carthage as a rival
• In the end, Rome attacked Carthage and completely
  destroyed the 700 year old city
• This was the third Punic War
• Any survivors of the city were either killed or
  sold into slavery

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Ignition

• How did Hannibal take his own life?
• Describe how the Third Punic War went down?
• Objective Expansion, Masters of War, Conquered
  Lands, Part II
• Homework Bring your project materials

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Salt

• The area once known as Carthage was covered in
  salt to eliminate any new growth
• The area became known as Africa

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Expansion of Italy

• As Romes political system evolved at home, its
  armies expanded Roman power across Italy
• Soon after gaining a stronghold over the Etruscan
  rulers they gained control over their neighbors
  in central Italy
• By 270 B.C. Rome occupied all of Italy, from the
  Rubicon River to the tip of the boot in the south

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Masters of War

• Romes success was due partly to skilled
  diplomacy and largely in part to their highly
  trained army
• Similar to Greece, Roman armies were made up of
  citizen soldiers
• The basic unit was called a legion- made up of
  about 5,000 men
• If a unit fled in battle, 1 of every 10 men in
  the unit was put to death

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Conquered Lands

• Rome treated their conquered people with respect
• They had to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay
  taxes, and supply soldiers for the army
• In return they were allowed to keep their own
  money, customs, and local government
• Romans linked themselves to the land they
  conquered by building roads
• Soldiers were posted at strategic points to
  protect the land

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Ignition

• What was the main force behind Roman expansion?
• What happened to Roman soldiers if they were
  caught fleeing in battle?
• Objective Project work
• Homework Have a great weekend

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The Decline of the Republic

• They fight and die to protect the wealth and
  luxury of others. They are called the masters of
  the world, but they have not a foot of ground to
  call their own
• What does this quote mean in regards to Ancient
  Rome?
• Plebeians had fought for a nation that did not
  afford them land rights.

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Revolt and Upheavals

• Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius rallied
  the poor
• They called for the senate to limit the size of
  land estates
• Called for a redistribution of land to the poor
• The senate denied the proposal and the poor
  turned to mob violence

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Continued

• Gaius and many of his followers were murdered by
  wealthy mobs
• some land reforms were implemented, but the
  number of unemployed soldiers continued to grow
• 133-44 B.C. Rome was in upheaval
• Slave revolts were happening abroad
• Roman generals began to gain political power and
  recruit poor soldiers
• The groups were loyal to their general and not
  Rome

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Civil War

• 88 B.C. armies of two successful generals
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla was victorious
• Sulla abolished the law limiting a dictatorship
  to 6 mo.
• Rome was ruled by a series of generals for the
  next 40 years

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Ignition

• What led to the development of dictators in Rome?
• What proposal did the senate deny that led to mob
  violence?
• Objective Caesar
• Homework Vocabulary is due Friday

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Rise of Julius Caesar

• Caesar had won victories in Spain and had gained
  a large following
• 61 B.C. Caesar runs for senate and is denied
• 60 B.C. Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey (gen.), and Marcus
  Lucius Crassus formed and alliance
• They agreed to rule Rome together
• Their alliance was known as the Triumvirate or
  three man commission

Rise and Fall Julius Caesar
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Pompey and Caesar

• The alliance was soon split by rivalry
• 53 B.C. Crassus dies
• Pompey allies with the senate
• Caesar and Pompey meet in battle
• Caesar crushes Pompey
• 49 B.C. senate orders Caesar to disband
• He refuses
• With his legions he crossed to Rubicon River and
  took a large step towards seizing power

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Caesars Reform

• 49-44 B.C. Caesar won many victories in the
  Middle East, N. Africa, and Spain
• Pardoned many senators who had supported Pompey
• He was appointed dictator for life

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Caesar Did What?

• He distributed land to the poor
• Granted Roman citizenship to people outside of
  Italy
• Created building projects to increase employment
• Increased pay for soldiers to decrease corruption
• Introduced a more accurate calendar based on
  Hellenistic astronomy (the Julian calendar)

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Second Triumvirate

• Caesar adopted his 18 year old grandnephew
  Octavian as his son and heir
• After Caesar was assassinated, Octavian created
  the Second Triumvirate
• He did this with chief commanders Marc Antony and
  Marcus Lepidus
• They soon crushed Caesars assassins, but then
  turned on each other

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The Fight

• Marc Antony married Cleopatra of Egypt
• Octavian feared they planned to seize power
• 31 B.C. Octavian declared war
• Octavian defeated them at the naval battle of
  Actium

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continued

• Marc Antony and Cleopatra later committed suicide
  when they learned that Octavians forced had
  landed in Alexandria, Egypt
• The next year Egypt became a part of the Roman
  Empire
• Octavian was the total ruler of Rome
• He was given the name of Augustus
• peace was restored after 100 years of fighting

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The Age of Augustus

• Rome went from a republic to an empire
• The senate gave Augustus the title of imperator
  commander in chief of the Roman army
• The senate still existed, but Augustus ruled as a
  monarch
• The Age of Augustus

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What did Augustus do?

• 27 B.C. 14 A.D. he reorganized they army to be
  highly disciplined, professional, and loyal
• Continued Caesars policy of granting citizenship
  to people in the provinces
• He created an efficient civil service
• Jobs were open to all men regardless of their
  social class
• He ordered a complete census so taxes could be
  collected fairly

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Succors of Augustus

• Tiberius and Claudius level headed rulers
• Caligula and Nero notorious for their insane
  behavior
• 64 A.D. fire leveled much of Rome, Nero blamed
  the Christians and killed hundreds of them
• Upon his death in 68 A.D. Nero died and civil war
  broke out over who was to be his successor

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Great Emperors

• Under Trajan the Empire reached its greatest size
• He ensured a peaceful succession by adopting
  Hadrian as his heir
• Hadrian enacted laws to protect women, children,
  and slaves from mistreatment
• He built defensive walls across northern Britain
  (Hadrians wall)

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Marcus Aurelius

• A student of the Greek stoic philosophers
• Preferred books and studies to war
• Yet spent much of his reign fighting
• Appointed his son Commodus a vain, violent man to
  be his heir

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Pax Romana

• 27 B.C. 180 A.D. efficient stable government
  ensured peace and allowed the government to grow
• Most citizens believed that Rome was the entire
  world and would last forever
• Rome was under constant construction and food
  varied due to trade
• Meat and fish became more prominent

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Trade and Social Conditions

• The navy protected sea travelers and the legions
  protected land travelers
• Coined money issued by the emperors aided trade
  and commerce
• There were sharp divisions between the rich and
  poor
• The poor worked in small shops and markets, while
  others depended on the emperor for handouts

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Continued

• During the Pax Romana, slaves did much of the
  work
• They were considered property not people
• Some slaves acquired estates and money
• Most were treated poorly
• This undermined the small farmer who could not
  compete with the slave labor

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Pax Romana
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Signs of Decline

• Paying the soldiers was very expensive
• When the wars ended the govt didnt have war
  loot to pay them
• They increased taxes
• They imported more than they exported
• Emperors added lead to their coinage system and
  devalued their gold content
• This lead to inflation increase in money supply
  and increase in price

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