Goals

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• Rendering Dynamic Terrain

• For Modeling MOUT
• in Military Simulations

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Background

• The U.S. Militarys involvement in urban
  operations has escalated significantly over the
  past several years.
• MOUT simulation requires modeling complex
  environments and dynamic physical interactions of
  individuals/units within and with the
  environment.
• A considerable weakness is the inability to
  compatibly and accurately model diverse entity
  interactions with the environment.

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Objectives

• Represent structure-entity interactions
  structural-weapons effects for improved MOUT
  modeling.
• Model/describe complex environments
• - Visual Attributes (apertures, enclosures)
• - Physical Attributes (materials,
  characteristics)
• - Expandable/extensible
• Physics-based effects/results
• - Algorithm population (airblast, penetration)
• - Dynamic results are visual and documented

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Project Goal
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Project Goals

• Assess current/emerging methodologies and models
  for representing munitions effects on structures
• Proof of principle demonstration
• Develop a framework to enable deformations and
  dynamic effects within entity-level MS
• Generalized for additional structural weapons
  effects
• Contributes to KA/KE efforts for developing
  simulations
• Develop a computational data form to overcome
• current limitations to enable dynamic effects

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Resources

• Models
• WALTS/MEA
• BlastFX
• SWE/AT Planner
• Methods
• BRL CAD/ACIS
• Volume Vis
• Polygons

• Algorithms
• BlastX, PENCURV3D, HE Blast, SCIPUFF, SAMPLL,
  STEP, FOIL,HazL
• Source Data
• NIMA/DTED
• CTDB/WARSIM
• OpenFlight/Scene/GL
• STF (SEDRIS)
• VRML/X3D
• CAD

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Current Status

• Crude representation of damage to buildings
• Physics based models not rendered in real time
• Creation of rubble has been a problem
• Some advances made in the gaming industry

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Off-the-Shelf/Gaming Technology
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On-Going Work

• Don Nelson (ERDC)
• Structural Weapons
• Effects implemented
• in OneSAF TestBed (OTB)
• Mike Pace (ERDC)
• Rapid Building Generation in OneSAF TestBed (OTB)

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Structural Weapons Effects
Structural Weapons Effects (SWE) The response
of structures to conventional weapons effects

• Typical weapons effects
• Airblast
• Groundshock
• Penetration
• Fragmentation
• Cratering

• Typical structures
• Typical urban structures
• Hardened facilities
• Field fortifications
• Buried structures
• Bridges, towers

Conventional Weapon
SWE
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Structural Weapons Effects
Conventional Weapon
Blast wave / Gas Internal Airblast External
Airblast Ground Shock
Impact / Penetration Fragments Small
Arms Projectiles
Applied load results in
Conventional weapons effects can be divided into
two broad categories
Area response
Localized response
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Structural Weapons Effects
Weapon
Blast wave / Gas Internal Airblast External
Airblast Ground Shock
Impact / Penetration Fragments Small
Arms Projectiles
Structural response
SWE includes a wide range of phenomena and
structural responses

• Whole structure response
• Accelerations
• Displacement
• Whole component response
• Wall or slab damage from
• flexure, shear, spalling
• Frame damage
• Window fragments
• Breaching

• Impact response
• Spalling
• Ejecta
• Secondary fragments
• Breaching
• Structural supports
• Penetration response
• Internal effects
• Structural supports
• Breaching

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Structural Weapons Effects
Structural damage assessment is dependent on
structural details such as dimensions and
material properties, and the ability to calculate
or estimate the applied loads.

• Technical Issues
• Structural details - Material types, material
  properties, component details suchas wall
  thickness, steel ratios, spans, etc., are
  necessary for structural damageassessment. May
  have to rely on estimates.
• Urban layout effects - Calculation of external
  airblast loads can be complicated by the
  arrangement of adjacent buildings which can focus
  or shield airblast loads causing load enhancement
  or reduction.
• Building internal geometries - In general MS
  apps need better definition of building interior
  layout for assessing damage to direct hits and
  internal detonations. Rapid building generation
  is an important stepping-stone towards this end.

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Structural Weapons Effects
Structural damage assessment is non-existent or
overly simplistic in many MS applications. The
payoff of realistic structural damage assessment
is greatly improved usefulness of MS
applications for MOUT and the enhancement a wide
range of MOUT scenarios.

• Structural weapons effects positively impact many
  MOUT related issues
• Mobility - Rubble, building access, breaching,
  line of sight
• Casualties - Primary and secondary fragments,
  collateral damage, structural collapse
• Weapon effectiveness - Focusing (enhancement),
  shielding (attenuation), penetration
• Vulnerability - Enemy and friendly positions in
  structures, equipment, utilities

All of these benefit from improved structural
damage assessment
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Rapid Building Generation

• Rapid generation of building geometry
• Use of COTS,
• GOTS packages

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Creating a CTDB with an MES Building
Rapid Building Generation

• Model the building in Floorplan 3D
• - Take out extraneous objects
• Model windows and doors as openings with only a
  facing
• Export the geometry as a DXF file (contains
  3DFACE objects)
• Group 3DFACE objects by enclosure and aperture
• - Objects from FloorPlan 3D are grouped as walls,
  doors, windows, floors, ceilings

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Creating a CTDB with an MES Building
Rapid Building Generation

• Run MES Toolkit
• - Import DXF file
• - Execute mes_out function to produce .rdr file
• Modify .rdr file header with appropriate
  positional information and scale factor
• Run recompile program using the .rdr file and
  desired database
• Must use the no_mesrel switch for proper
  operation of the MES

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Commercial Software
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Building an Urban Database

• Model buildings using Creator Pro to use SAICs
  tool to make an .rdr file from Openflight.
• Model terrain using Terratools
• Place Openflight models from Creator Pro on
  terrain using Terratools
• Export Openflight from Terratools for visual
  database
• Export database from Terratools as SEDRIS file
• Use Litton/TASC translator from SEDRIS to CTDB
• User recompile tool with .rdr files to place
  buildings on CTDB
• View visual database using RBD SVS2

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SAIC - McKenna MOUT
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SAIC IDA VERTS
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What is X3D?

• Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics
• Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) updated
• Third-generation ISO specification
• Both XML and .wrl encodings, compatibly
• Deliverables
• Specification updates, with compatible XML tagset
  
• Multiple implementations, including open-source
  example
• Scene Authoring Interface (SAI) strongly typed
  API
• Conformance suite and examples
• Authoring capability X3D-Edit

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Further X3D motivations

• Authoring is hard, Content is King
• X3D is not competing with specialty formats,
  instead provide common interoperability/interchang
  e
• Strong validation checks eliminate most authoring
  errors before content escapes
• Plays well with next-generation Web languages
• 3D hardware problem is already solved ?

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Primary benefits of XML

• Simpler parsing, with lots! of software tools
• Validation of content
• Nodes can only go together in legal ways
• Validate values (e.g. color-triplet arrays)
• Broken content cant escape
• Fixes the garbage in, garbage out problem
• XML finally enables structured data
• hmmm, structured programming was important

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XML in 10 Pointshttp//www.w3.org/XML/1999/XML-in
-10-points

• XML is for structuring data
• XML looks a bit like HTML
• XML is text, but isn't meant to be read
• XML is verbose by design
• XML is a family of technologies

• XML is new, but not that new
• XML leads HTML to XHTML
• XML is modular
• XML is the basis for RDF and the Semantic Web
• XML is license-free, platform-independent and
  well-supported

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XML tool design IBMs Xeena

• X3D-Edit constructed using IBMs Xeena
• XML-based tool builder for editing XML tagsets
• Configured via XML Document Type Definition (DTD)
• Implemented in Java, portable Windows Mac Linux
• Tagset and XML configuration profile determines
  syntax, rules within customized interface
  functionality
• Multilingual customization possible
• Scalable approach for other XML tools
• http//www.alphaWorks.ibm.com/tech/xeena .
  thank you IBM!

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X3D-Edit complete interface
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Website content archive

• Root content is X3D in XML encoding
• Validation checking for all nodes, attributes
• Conversions
• Extensible Stylesheet Language for
  Transformations (XSLT) rule-based pattern
  matching, fast, flexible
• .html, .wrl (VRML encoding), others possible
• Website archives
• Long-term maintainability
• Solves content rust problem, which never sleeps

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Content archive
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SAVAGE archive
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VRML 97 import capability

• Embeds NIST translator
• converts VRML scenes to X3D encoding
• Qiming Wang, author
• Open-source Java
• includes PW parser
• http//ovrt.nist.gov/v2_x3d.html

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Other XML-based tools

• Next-generation tagset X3D Schema
• XML Schema specification includes tooltip and URL
  annotation mechanisms already
• Will merge various tooltips into master X3D
  schema
• Other XML-based authoring tools
• Editors read schema and become X3D capable
• Thus numerous XML editors can become 3D-aware,
  without effort

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XML Spy tool editing X3D
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Open source available for X3D Xj3D

• Xj3D is a Java implementation of a 3D browser
• VRML/X3D scene graph extensions
• Now working on Java-OpenGL bindings
• Unadvertised, 26 downloads/day
• SIGGRAPH 2002 distribution X3D Software
  Development Kit (SDK)
• LGPL license unrestricted use, private or
  commercial
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/source/xj3d.html
• Open sources has completely changed our working
  processes for the better, both for small
  contributors and big companies
• no more possibility of single-point failure
• guarantees that third-generation VRML/X3D will
  ship

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Online resources

• X3D-Edit
• http//www.web3D.org/x3d.html
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/translation/RE
  ADME.X3D-Edit.html
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/translation/X3
  D-Edit.zip, .gz
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/translation/X3
  D-Examples.zip
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/translation/X3
  dTooltips.html
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/translation/X3
  D-EditAuthoringTool.pdf
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/translation/X3
  D-EditAuthoringTool.ppt
• oh yeah its all free and open
• Help
• http//www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/translation/ex
  amples/help.html

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Web3D Consortium

• Leading forum for open 3D graphics development
• Partner membership of companies, agencies,
  universities and professional members
• Hosts multiple working groups X3D, GeoVRML,
  Humanoid Animation, Distributed Interactive
  Simulation (DIS)
• New group organized by member Intel CAD-Web3D
  organizational meeting Thursday September 5 Santa
  Clara
• Annual Web3D Symposia
• Cosponsor with ACM SIGGRAPH, host France Telecom
• February 9-12, Saint Malo France

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Web3D X3D Software Development Kit CDs

• Extensive exemplar content, open-source Xj3D, more

http//sdk.web3D.org
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X3D Press Release, SIGGRAPH 2002
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CAD-Web3D press releasehttp//www.intel.com/pres
sroom/archive/releases/20020723.htm
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Two Track Approach

• Secure/Hi-Resolution
• Server-Based
• API
• Source, Maintenance
• Open/Unconstrained
• Publicly available codes
• Leverage MOVES curriculum/model archives

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Spectrum Of Fidelity
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Extensible Terrain Representation Authoring for
the Synthetic and Natural Environment (EXTRA SNE)
Future Work

• Terrain Representations and vehicular movement
  rates
• Structural Weapons API
• - Airblast - Penetration - Rubbling
• - Cratering - Glass Damage - Structural
  Collapse
• Rapid Building Generation
• - GUI
• - Import
• Future Implementations
• - Worldwide Construction Practices - At Planner
• - NATO Reference Mobility Model - CAD imports

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Contact

• Nick Wittwer
• Nick.wittwer_at_trac.nps.navy.mil
• TRADOC Analysis Center
• Naval Postgraduate School
• PO Box 8692
• Monterey California 93943-5000 USA
• [phone] voice
• [phone] fax

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Contact

• Don Brutzman
• brutzman_at_nps.navy.mil
• http//web.nps.navy.mil/brutzman
• Code UW/Br, Naval Postgraduate School
• Monterey California 93943-5000 USA
• 831.656.2149 voice
• 831.656.3679 fax