Becoming a world power and Progressive Reform 18901920 Ch' 9

1
Becoming a world power and Progressive Reform
1890-1920Ch. 9 10
2
1.) World Power

• In the late 1800s, the US began to burst at the
  seems with more goods than it could consume.
• -Other nations began to ask for these goods
  which invariably led the U.S. into conflicts on
  foreign soil.

3
2.) Europe-

• -Imperialism was still in place-meaning stronger
  nations were attempting to create empires by
  dominating weaker nations. - This type of policy
  is also called expansionism.
• Examples Great Britain had parts of Africa,
  Asia, and the Pacific
• Spain had Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the
  Philippines
• Germany had parts of Africa and Asia

4
3.) The U.S.

• The U.S. also had goals when it came to annexing
  new territories (that was what manifest destiny
  had been).
• In 1867, William H. Seward bought Alaska from
  Russia.
• By the 1860s, the U.S. had won Most-favored
  nation standing in China - received same access
  to trade with China as any other nation
• In 1875 a treaty to trade with Hawaii in the
  pacific enabled Americans to get duty free sugar.

5
4.) The Debate over Expansionism

• Americans were split over the idea.
• The Pros said it would solve the economic
  problems of the nation by opening up new markets.
  In fact, trade with Central America brought in
  50 million bunches of bananas a year and the
  people began to refer to this area as the banana
  Republic. Supporters such as Henry Cabot Lodge,
  Frederick Jackson turner, and Teddy Roosevelt
  argued that America was losing its vitality and a
  quest for empire might restore the countrys
  pioneer spirit.
• The Cons argued the country had enough problems
  on its own without risking foreign entanglements

6
5.) Foreign Entanglements, War and Annexation

• In the process of becoming a world power, the
  U.S. often found itself in conflict with other
  nations during this period.
• 1.) Latin America - 1891 - U.S. government
  forces Chile to pay 75,000 to sailors killed by a
  mob while on leave in Valparaiso
• 2.) Cleveland ended a rebellion in Brazil when
  he sent a naval unit to Rio de Janeiro
• 3.) In 1895, The U.S. confronted Great Britain,
  when Clevelands secretary of state, Richard
  Olney, warned Britain to stay out of Venezuela
  which was under U.S. protection since the Monroe
  Doctrine. Two years later Britain backed down.
• 4.) By 1898, Cuba had been rebelling for
  decades against Spain. The U.S. got involved
  when Sugar plantations they did business with
  were attacked - Jingoism - aggressive foreign
  policy.
• 5.) In 1898, The U.S. attacked Spain when they
  tried to take control of the Philippines, because
  according to the secretary of the Navy (Teddy
  Roosevelt), he convinced Congress it would
  protect their trade with Asia to hold it
  themselves.
• 6.) In 1893 a Hawaiian planter named Sanford B.
  Dole removed Queen Lilioukhalani from power and
  requested Hawaii be annexed to the U.S. It was
  approved in 1898. 7.) Samoa came under the
  protection of the U.S. after war almost broke out
  with Germany and Greta Britain in 1899.

7
6.) Forceful Diplomacy

• By 1900, the U.S. was a genuine world power.
  Under the leadership of Teddy Roosevelt and
  William Howard Taft, they continued to intervene
  in the domestic affairs of weaker countries that
  might impact the U.S. economically.

8
7.) Teddy Roosevelt

• He was a historian, politician, reformer, cowboy,
  buffalo hunt, crime fighter, and cavalry man all
  before being President. He was also known for
  his racist views towards Native Americans. He
  was the youngest man ever to hold the position of
  President - 42.
• He is also well-know for trying to purchase the
  rights to build a canal through Panama for
  40,000,000 dollars. When the attempt failed he
  organized a Panamanian revolution, and then made
  the U.S. its protector in return for a ten mile
  tract of land known as the Canal Zone.
  Construction began in 1904 and ended in 1914.
• Roosevelt was also known as a peacemaker. He
  negotiated a treaty between Russia and Japan in
  1905, and for this he won the Nobel Peace Prize.

9
8.) William Howard Taft

• His achievements were to maintain the open door
  policy with Asia and to preserve stability in
  Latin America.
• Instead of ÿ war, he invested money in foreign
  economies to keep ties between the U.S. and other
  countries close.

10
9.) The Peoples response to Imperialism

• Most citizens supported the idea of overseas
  involvement. It made good business sense, but
  there were some protesters.
• The anti-imperialists or Anti-imperialist League
  had members such as William Jennings Bryant,
  Mark twain, and Andrew Carnegie. They argued
  that taking over countries by force without
  granting them their independence was a rejection
  of Liberty for all. In Hawaii, for example,
  workers were not given the same rights as
  American workers...
• Others argued that people in the Philippines and
  Hawaii were being treated unfairly due to the
  color of their skin.
• Another opposition group came out of the South.
  They feared these foreigners would want to move
  to the U.S. and they did not want to have to
  absorb these other races as well. They also
  argued that expansion cost too much. Ex. Taxes
  to pay for armies over seas, and paying off the
  countrys debts.
• Others like Booker T. Washington argued that
  the U.S. had enough problems of its own to deal
  with.
• Some argued that immigrants from these countries
  would compete with Americans for jobs, and then
  drive down the wages.
• Yet, others argued that these countries would
  produce goods more cheaply then the U.S. and then
  drive American businesses out of business.

11
10.) Supporters

• Most wanted to push the boundaries of the U.S. to
  new frontiers overseas as exemplified by the
  rapid growth of scouting clubs for boys and girls
  that cropped up everywhere in the U.S.
• The people were attracted to the books of
  heros, the Wild West, and the conquests of other
  nations.
• At the turn of the decade the U.S. was both
  admired and hated around the world.

12
11.) Progressivism

• The spirit of reform took hold in the U.S. The
  reforms were led by socialists, labor movements,
  and municipal reformers.
• Socialists - They called for an end to
  capitalism. They wanted government or collective
  ownership of all property.
• Labor movement wanted economic change for the
  masses, but they failed because owners prevented
  workers from striking through the courts.
• Municipal reform - these reformers sought honest
  and efficient government. They wanted home rule
  - cities could exercise a limited degree of
  self-government.

13
12.) Progressive View

• - made up of well-to-do Americans
• - They did not want to lose their high standard
  of living
• - Feared revolution
• - They wanted to preserve what was good and
  reform what was bad.
• - They wanted the government to play a larger
  role in regulation g the economy.
• - they wanted the government to control only
  essential services such as water, electricity,
  transportation, and allow other businesses to
  operate freely as long as they did not interfere
  with societys needs.
• They also believed the government needed to be
  more responsible for human welfare and that they
  needed to develop more social welfare programs to
  ensure a basic standard of living for all
  Americans
• Their goals included
• Unemployment insurance
• Accident insurance
• Health insurance
• Social security to cover disability and old age
• Wanted women to vote
• Housing for the poor
• Content f movies regulated
• Dancing regulated
• Get rid of child labor
• A minimum wage
• Less overtime

14
13.) Methods to get Message Across

• Talk of reform swept the newspapers. Journalists
  began to be called muckrakers because they were
  too busy presenting or writing about the filth in
  society. Novelists, like Upton Sinclair, wrote
  exposes. Ex. The Jungle (1906). In it he laid
  bare the horrors of the m eat-packing industry.
  This led to a federal meat inspection program.

15

• All of these were sinister incidents but they
  were trifles compared to what Jurgis saw with his
  own eyes before long. One curious thing he had
  noticed, the very first day, in his profession of
  shoveler of guts which was the sharp trick of
  the floor bosses whenever there chanced to come a
  "slunk" calf. Any man who knows anything about
  butchering knows that the flesh of a cow that is
  about to calve, or has just calved, is not fit
  for food. A good many of these came every day to
  the packing houses--and, of course, if they had
  chosen, it would have been an easy matter for the
  packers to keep them till they were fit for food.
  But for the saving of time and fodder, it was the
  law that cows of that sort came along with the
  others, and whoever noticed it would tell the
  boss, and the boss would start up a conversation
  with the government inspector, and the two would
  stroll away. So in a trice the carcass of the cow
  would be cleaned out, and entrails would have
  vanished it was Jurgis' task to slide them into
  the trap, calves and all, and on the floor below
  they took out these "slunk" calves, and butchered
  them for meat, and used even the skins of them.

16
14.) Urban/Municipal Reform

• Political machines and bosses began to sustain a
  lot of criticism. The government began to
  dislodge monopolies on water, gas, electricity,
  and began to provide more affordable services.
  Public baths, and parks were being erected. Work
  relief programs were being initiated. Shelters
  were being built for the homeless.

17
15.) State reform

• The state began reforms to make government more
  efficient, put in labor and factory reforms.
• They fought for direct primaries, where voters
  cast ballots to select nominees for upcoming
  elections rather than having the party simply
  nominate the candidate.
• The state began to end the exploitation of
  workers, and had employers compensate employees
  for work place accidents. States adopted minimum
  wages, abolished child labor, and reduced the
  work day to no more than ten hours.

18
16.) Federal Reform

• To stop strikes, Roosevelt called for
  arbitration, a process in which an impartial
  third party decides on a legally binding
  solution. He called this the square deal.
• Also in 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act and the
  Meat Inspection Act required the labeling of
  ingredients, strict sanitary conditions, and a
  rating system for meats.
• The federal government started enforcing the
  Sherman Anti-Trust Act, making holding companies
  illegal. This law had been on the books, but it
  had never really been enforced.
• They also began to protect the environment and
  wilderness. Yellowstone in Wyoming was made the
  first National Park, then Yosemite in California,
  together preserving 35 million acres of land.
• Prohibition was another cause fought on the
  federal level. From 1919 -1933, no one in
  America could legally make, sell, or import
  liquor (15th Amendment).

19
17.) National Politics

• In 1904, Teddy Roosevelt won the election, but
  told his supporters he would not seek reelection.
  He handpicked Taft to replace him in 1908, who
  won easily.
• Taft continued the progressivism that Roosevelt
  started, but a party crisis occurred over the
  Ballinger-Pinchot affair. The Sec. of the
  Interior, Richard Ballinger, allowed a private
  group to obtain several millions of acres of
  Alaskan public lands to mine for coal. Gifford
  Pinchot, head of forestry was outraged.
• When Roosevelt returned from a hunting trip, he
  was so outraged he decided to run against Taft in
  the 1912 election. He failed to get his partys
  nomination, so he formed his own party, the
  progressives they were also nicknamed the Bull
  Moose Party. He ran a vigorous campaign, and
  even spoke in Milwaukee for an hour and a half
  while bleeding from a chest wound from an
  assassins bullet.
• Four men ran in this election
• Eugene V. Debs - socialist
• Teddy Roosevelt - Progressive
• William Howard Taft - Republican
• Woodrow Wilson - Democrat

20
18.) Wilson

• The newcomer won. Wilson supported many reforms
  and the country was upset with the fighting
  within the Republican Party. As President Wilson
  strengthened the anti-trust laws, helped unions,
  lowered tariffs, and lowered interest rates on
  loans.
• He did allow the Jim Crow Laws to extend into
  politics and opposed womens suffrage.
• The reform spirit ended in 1914, however, as the
  war in Europe started, and Americans began to
  call for war instead of reform.

21
19.) Suffrage

• In 1920, the 19th Amendment passed when Tennessee
  became the 36th state to ratify it.
• This fight had been going on for 72 years -
  remember Seneca Falls in 1849. The whole issue
  revolved around whether or not a womans place
  was in the home.
• An anti-suffrage movement developed. They
  argued 1.) women were powerful enough, 2.) they
  would become to masculine, 3.) and they would
  push through prohibition.

22
20.) Suffragist Strategies

• Pickets, marches, petitions, hunger strikes, and
  work strikes.
• Get a constitutional amendment
• Get individual states to permit women to vote -
  at first this was more successful, especially in
  the west.

23
21.) New Leaders

• Carrie Chapman Catt headed the suffrage movement
  for many years.
• Alice Paul was another leader. She led parades
  in Washington D.C., demonstrated, went on hunger
  strikes, and was jailed for her causes.
• By 1917, they had two million members of NAWSA.

24
22.) War

• When the U.S. entered the war in April 1917,
  women hastily supported it and did much
  volunteering. Their accomplishments as nurses,
  and taking over jobs vacated by men put them in
  the public eye. Also, the war helped to get
  prohibition passed, so liquor interests no longer
  opposed suffrage and women were finally able to
  get the vote.