Engineering 101 Humanities 200 Technology and Society Unit 1: Space and Time

1
Engineering 101Humanities 200Technology and
SocietyUnit 1 Space and Time

• Joe Mahoney, Steve Muench, Scott Rutherford
• Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
• Fall 2005

2
Topics for Space and Time (which translates to
transportation)

• October 10-11 Introduction to Major
  Transportation Systems-I (Joe Mahoney)
• October 12 Introduction to Major Transportation
  Systems-II (Joe Mahoney)
• October 17 How Transportation Vehicles Have
  Affected Society (Steve Muench)
• October 18 Public Policy Importance of
  Transportation Decisions (Scott Rutherford)

3
Topics for Space and Time (which translates to
transportation)

• October 10-11 Introduction to Major
  Transportation Systems-I (Joe Mahoney)
• October 12 Introduction to Major Transportation
  Systems-II (Joe Mahoney)
• October 17 How Transportation Vehicles Have
  Affected Society (Steve Muench)
• October 18 Public Policy Importance of
  Transportation Decisions (Scott Rutherford)

4
Topics

• Description of mini-projects
• What is a Civil Engineer?
• General Transportation Statistics
• Transportation Infrastructure
• Local Transportation Modes
• Highways and Bridges
• Bridges
• Highways/Pavements
• Airports
• Transportation Vehicles
• Epilog Energy for Transportation

5
Lecture Topics Transportation Systems I and II

• Description of mini-projects
• What is a Civil Engineer?
• General Transportation Statistics
• Transportation Infrastructure
• Local Transportation Modes
• Highways and Bridges
• Bridges
• Highways/Pavements
• Airports
• Transportation Vehicles
• Epilog Energy and Transportation

6
Mini Projects

• Each group must do a bridge builder project.
• An optional project can be done for extra
  credityou can select one of the two options
  shown below.
• The optional project requires preparation of a
  short paper that outlines and summarizes data and
  findings.
• Topics
• Bridge Design (required of all groups)
• Southwest Airlines and Boeing Field (optional)
• Monorail planning and construction (optional)

7
Mini ProjectsBridge Designer

• Required of all groups
• Each group will make use of the West Point Bridge
  Designer 2005
• URL http//bridgecontest.usma.edu/
• Download the software from http//bridgecontest.us
  ma.edu/download.htm
• Review the design specifications (Help file)
• Design a truss bridge
• The group submittal will be judged by support of
  the live and dead loads and costs.

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WPBD2005 Opening Screen
9
WPBDGetting Started
10
WPBDGetting Started
11
WPBDGetting Started
12
WPBDGetting Started
13
WPBDGetting Started
14
WPBDGetting Started
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WPBD

• Start with the HELP screen and read the design
  specifications.
• Select Deck Elevation and Support Configuration
• Deck elevation A change in the deck elevation
  changes the needed excavation and costs.
• Select a Standard Truss
• Fill in Title Block
• Design the Steel Truss

16
WPBD

• Design the Steel Truss
• Draw the joints
• Draw the members
• Run load test
• Improve design as needed.

17
WPBD

• Criteria
• Total cost of bridge must not exceed 250,000.
• Bridge deck must be at least 12 m above the water
  level in the river.
• The bridge must be only one span (not two).
• The bridge must stand under its weight and the
  test truck.
• Submittal
• Title page with group member names, name of
  project, date.
• Cost calculations printout from WPBD.
• Load test results printout from WPBD.

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WPBDA few tips

• Cost of bridge is the sum of site and truss costs
• Site costs include any required excavation plus
  the abutments and piers that support the bridge
  and the bridge deck.
• Truss costs include the materials and labor to
  build the truss.
• Use a standard truss template to get started
• Hollow tubes vs. solid bars
• Hollow tubes cost more than bars.
• Tubes carry compressive forces more efficiently
  than bars.
• Bars and tubes carry tension forces with equal
  efficiency.

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WPBDA few tips

• Load test
• Tension members turn blue.
• Compression members turn red.
• Intensity of color proportional to stress level.
• Deflections are exaggerated by a factor of 10.

20
Mini ProjectsSouthwest Airlines and Boeing Field

• Assess the possible move of Southwest Airlines
  from Sea-Tac to Boeing Field
• How would the move to Boeing Field from Sea-Tac
  be beneficial to Southwest Airlines?
• What are the impacts on local government if
  Southwest made the move?
• How will the move, if it happens, impact Sea-Tac
  costs and operations?
• How will the move likely impact other airlines
  currently operating out of Sea-Tac?

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Mini ProjectsThe Monorail

• Assess the estimated costs for building the
  Seattle Monorail as originally planned. Consider
  these elements in the paper
• Similar projects? Where? Costs of these projects?
• How does the Seattle Monorail compare with
  respect to ridership and costs to other
  transportation options?
• Bottom line Should the Seattle Monorail be built
  or not? Take a position as a group.

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What is Civil Engineering?

• The term civil engineer refers to an individual
  who practices civil engineering. Over time, civil
  engineering has spun off a variety of fields e.g.
  architectural engineering, electrical
  engineering, mechanical engineering, and what is
  still called civil engineering.
• An interesting definition could be The
  profession of Civil Engineering is the art of
  directing the great sources of the power of
  Nature for the use and convenience of Man.

Source Wikipedia
23
What is Civil Engineering?

• In modern usage, civil engineering is a broad
  field of engineering that deals with the
  planning, construction, and maintenance of fixed
  structures, or public works, as they related to
  earth, water, or civilization and their
  processes.
• Most civil engineering today deals with roads,
  structures, water supply, sewer, flood control
  and traffic. In essence civil engineering is the
  profession which makes the world a more habitable
  place to live.

Source Wikipedia
24
What is Civil Engineering?

• Specialties within CE
• General
• Structural
• Geotechnical
• Transportation
• Environmental
• Hydraulic
• Construction

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What is a Civil Engineer?

• A popular misconception is that civil
  engineering is far from the exciting frontiers in
  mathematics and computer science. In actuality,
  much of what is now computer science was driven
  by work in civil engineering, where structural
  and network analysis problems required parallel
  computations and development of advanced
  algorithms.

Source Wikipedia
26
General Transportation Statistics
27
US System Mileage
Mode Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US
Mode 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Highway 3.5 million 3.7 million 3.9 million 3.9 million 4.0 million
Class I Rail 207,000 196,000 165,000 120,000 99,000
Amtrak -- -- 24,000 24,000 23,000
Navigable Channels 25,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000
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US System MileageTransit
Mode Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US
Mode 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Commuter Rail -- -- -- 4,132 5,209
Heavy Rail -- -- -- 1,351 1,558
Light Rail -- -- -- 483 834
Definitions follow.
29
Definitions

• Commuter Rail Urban passenger train service for
  short-distance travel between a central city and
  adjacent suburb (BTS). Generally on existing
  railroad track. Example Tacoma to Seattle via
  Sound Transit.
• Heavy Rail An electric railway with the capacity
  to transport a heavy volume of passenger traffic
  and characterized by exclusive rights-of-way,
  multi-car trains, high speed, rapid acceleration,
  sophisticated signaling, and high-platform
  loading. Also known as "subway," "elevated
  (railway)," or metropolitan railway
  (metro)."(BTS). Example Metro in Washington,
  DC.
• Light Rail A streetcar-type vehicle operated on
  city streets, semi-exclusive rights-of-way, or
  exclusive rights-of-way. Service may be provided
  by step-entry vehicles or by level
  boarding.(BTS) Example Sound Transit in Seattle
  and Tacoma.

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US System MileagePipelines
Mode Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US Mileage in the US
Mode 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Oil1 191,000 219,000 218,000 209,000 177,000
Gas2 631,000 913,000 1,052,000 1,189,000 1,369,000
Note 1 Includes trunk and gathering lines for
crude oil. Note 2 Excludes service pipelines.
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US Airports
Type 1980 1990 2000 2004
Total Airports 15,161 17,490 19,281 19,815
Certificated Total 730 680 651 599
Certificated Civil -- -- 563 542
Certificated Military -- -- 88 57
General Aviation 14,431 16,810 18,630 19,216
Certificated Civil Airports that serve air
carrier operations.
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US Airports
Type 1980 1990 2000 2004
Total Airports 15,161 17,490 19,281 19,815
Public Use 4,814 5,589 5,317 5,288
Lighted Runways () 66 71 76 76
Paved Runways () 72 71 74 75
Private Use 10,347 11,901 13,964 14,532
Lighted Runways () 15 7 7 9
Paved Runways () 13 32 32 33
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Number of Carriers
Mode 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
Air Carrier -- 39 63 70 91 80
Major Air Carrier -- -- -- 14 15 14
Other Air Carriers -- -- -- 56 76 66
Railroads 607 517 480 530 560 549
Class I 106 71 39 14 8 7
Other 501 446 441 516 552 542
Interstate Motor Carriers -- -- -- 216,000 560,393 674,314
Definitions follow.
34
Definitions

• Air Carriers Major air carriers that have annual
  operating revenue greater than 1 billion per
  year. If less, then other.
• Railroads Class I RailroadA freight railroad
  with an annual gross operating revenue indexed to
  a base of 250 million in 1991 dollars. In 2003,
  the adjusted base had increased to 277.5
  million. (BTS)
• Interstate Motor Carriers In effect, interstate
  or foreign truck operations for hire or contract.

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Number of Vehicles
Mode 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Air Carrier
Air Carrier Planes 2,135 2,679 3,808 6,083 8,055
General Aviation Planes 77,000 132,000 211,000 198,000 218,000
Highway Vehicles, Total 74 million 111 million 161 million 193 million 226 million
Passenger Cars 62 million 89 million 122 million 134 million 134 million
Truck, Combination -- 905,000 1,417,000 1,709,000 2,097,000
Buses 272,000 378,000 529,000 627,000 746,000
36
US Vehicle Production
Total 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
All Vehicles including autos and trucks 7.9 million 8.3 million 8.0 million 9.8 million 12.8 million 12.1 million
37
Household Median Vehicle Age (years)
Type 1969 1977 1983 1990 1995 2001
Automobile 5.1 5.5 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.5
Sport Utility -- -- -- -- 6.6 6.1
Pickup -- 7.3 8.5 8.4 9.7 9.4
RV/Motor Home -- 4.5 10.7 10.4 13.2 12.5
38
Washington Population and Drivers
Characteristic
Population 6,131,445
Driver age population 4,809,816
Percent of population of driver age 78.5
Number of licensed drivers 4,407,269
Percent of population licensed to drive 71.9


From FHWAs Highway Statistics 2003
39
Washington Vehicles
Type of vehicle
Autos 2,968,936
Trucks 2,400,135
Truck tractors 29,072
Farm trucks 20,090
Pickups 1,063,011
Vans 433,695
SUVs 697,117
Other 16,965
Buses 9,820
TOTAL 5,378,891
From FHWAs Highway Statistics 2003
40
Washington Roads
Type Miles Traffic
State Highways 7,049 58.1
County Roads 40,354 16.1
City Streets 15,651 24.7
Other Public Roads 19,212 1.1
TOTAL 82,266
From FHWAs Highway Statistics 2003
41
Washington Travel
Characteristic Number Rank
Population 6,131,445 14th
Land area 66,544 mi2 20th
Population density 92 persons/mi2 26th
Centerline miles of road 82,266 miles 25th
Lane-miles of road 171,523 miles 24th
Vehicle miles of travel (VMT) 55 million miles 19th
Per capita VMT 9,023 miles/person 40th
Per vehicle VMT 10,228 miles/vehicle 48th
Gasoline use 3.34 billion gallons 18th
From FHWAs Highway Statistics 2003
42
Drive to Work in Washington
Characteristic Amount Rank
Drive alone 73.3 43rd
Carpool (2 people) 12.8 19th
Public transportation 4.9 11th
Walk 3.2 20th
Other means (e.g., bicycle) 1.4 15th
Work at home 4.3 12th
Average travel time to work 25.5 minutes 15th
43
Air Travel Growth in the US
44
Other Local Transportation Infrastructure Owners
Owners Type of Facility
Port of Seattle Sea-Tac International Airport
Port of Seattle Seattle seaport
King County King County Int. Airport
King County Metro Transit
Sound Transit Sounder Commuter Train
Sound Transit Link Light Rail
Local railroads Mostly rail owned by Burlington Northern Santa Fe and the Union Pacific
45
UP Route System in Washington State
Total miles of UP operated track in Washington
State 563 miles
Source Union Pacific Railroad and WSDOT
46
BNSF Route System
Total miles of BNSF operated track in Washington
State 1,925 miles
Sources BNSF and WSDOT
47
Local Transportation Modes
48
Contemporary Electric Trolley King County Metro
(2005)
49
Sounder Commuter Rail

• Tacoma-Seattle
• Began 2000
• 3 trips each way daily
• Everett-Seattle
• Began 2003
• 2 trips each way daily

50
(No Transcript)
51
Sound Transit Link Light Rail

• Initial light rail construction cost 2.4
  billion
• Initial rail link 13.9 miles (22.5 km)
• /km 107,000,000
• 12 stations
• Construction started Nov 2003 and service will
  start in 2009. About 5 years to complete the
  initial link.

52
Metro Transit

• Serves 2,134 mi2 area
• 1,300 vehicles
• Ridership about 90 million/year

53
Seattle Area Transit Routes
54
Annual Metro Passenger Trips
55
Annual Metro Trips per Capita(based on
population of Seattle)
56
Major Projects in this Area
Project Potential Cost
Hood Canal Bridge east half replacement 0.2 billion
Everett HOV lanes 0.2 billion
Tacoma Narrows Bridge 0.8 billion
Sea-Tac 3rd runway 1.1 billion
Seattle Monorail 1.5 billion
SR 520 Bridge replacement 2 billion
Sound Transit Link Light Rail 2 billion
I-405 corridor improvements 3 billion
Alaska Way Viaduct 4 billion
57
Cost per lane mile for various national
transportation projects
Source WSDOT
58
Highways and Bridges
59
Types of Bridges

• Girder
• Arch
• Truss
• Rigid Frame
• Suspension
• Cable Stayed
• Floating (Pontoon)

60
Types of Bridges

• Girder
• Arch
• Truss
• Rigid Frame
• Suspension
• Cable Stayed
• Floating (Pontoon)

61
Girder Bridges

• Likely the most common and basic of all bridges.
• The primary structural element is a beam or
  girder (in effect a plate).

62
Girder Bridges
Sources Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd, etc.
63
Sacramento River Bridge, I-80, California
64
Sacramento River Bridge, I-80, California
65
Girder Bridges
Item Lengths Lengths
Typical span lengths 10 to 200 m (30 to 650 ft) 10 to 200 m (30 to 650 ft)
Worlds longest (Ponte Costa e Silva, Brazil) Total length 700 m (2,300 ft) Center span 300 m (980 ft)
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
66
Arch Bridges

• Uses compression to spread the load.
• Arch bridge can have the roadway run over it,
  through it, or beneath it.
• Roman arch was a semicirclecould span a distance
  of 4 to 5 times (max) the width of the supporting
  columns.

W
span
67
Arch Bridges
Hingeless

• Arch bridges are best used where the ground
  (foundation) is stable. There are four basic
  types.
• Hingeless Large forces generated on the
  foundation require a very stable soil or rock
  conditions. Has the least deflection of the arch
  types.
• Two-hinged Most common design for steel arch
  bridges. Allows rotation at bearings.
• Three-hinged Rarely used but allows for
  substantial movement due to foundation shifting
  or earthquakes.
• Tied arch This type of arch ties the structure
  together thus eliminating horizontal forces on
  the foundationwhich is a good thing if you want
  to eliminate horizontal forces on the foundation.

Two-hinged
Three-hinged
Tied arch
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
68
Arch Bridges
Item Lengths Lengths
Typical span lengths 40 to 150 m (130 to 490 ft) 40 to 150 m (130 to 490 ft)
Worlds longest (New River Gorge, West Virginia) Total length 924 m (3,020 ft) Center span 518 m (1,700 ft)
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
69
Truss Bridges

• Trusses form a rigid framemostly of
  interconnected triangles.
• Truss bridges used extensively since early 1800s.
• Early truss bridges constructed of woodtoday the
  material of choice is structural steel.

70
Truss Bridges
Warren Truss
A truss is a simple skeletal structure with the
roadway passing either over or through the
structure. Trusses are classified by the basic
design used and typically are the Warren, Pratt,
or Howe trusses.
Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
71
Truss Bridges
Item Lengths Lengths
Typical span lengths 40 to 500 m (130 to 1,640 ft) 40 to 500 m (130 to 1,640 ft)
Worlds longest (Pont de Quebec) Total length 863 m (2,800 ft) Center span 549 m (1,800 ft)
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
72
Suspension Bridges

• Used to span long distances.

73
Suspension BridgesA sampling
Longest in the world
Source WSDOT
74
Suspension BridgesThe basics
Source WSDOT
75
Suspension BridgesThe basics
Source WSDOT
76
Cable Stayed Basics

• Steel cables connected directly to the bridge
  deck.
• Do not require large anchorages like those used
  for suspension bridges.
• Popular for medium-length bridges.

77
Cable Stayed Basics
Typical Tower Shape
A continuous girder with one or more towers with
cables to support the span
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
78
Cable Stayed Basics
Typical Tower Shapes
Typical Cable Arrangements
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
79
Cable Stayed Bridges
Item Lengths Lengths
Typical span lengths 110 to 480 m (360 to 1,570 ft) 110 to 480 m (360 to 1,570 ft)
Worlds longest (Tatara Bridge, Japan) Total length 1,480 m (4,840 ft) Center span 890 m (2,910 ft)
Source Matsuo Bridge Company, Ltd
80
Floating Bridges

• Uses buoyancy as support for bridge structure.
• Four floating bridges in use by WSDOT.
• Attractive choice where pier foundations would be
  placed in deep, soft sediments (such as Lake
  Washington), deep water (such as Hood Canal), or
  the span would be quite large (such as Lake
  Washington and Hood Canal).

81
Tacoma Narrows BridgeThe Old and the New
82
Sketch of 1950 and 2007 TNBs
Source WSDOT
83
TNB construction1940facing west
84
TNB constructionMarch 1940facing east
85
TNB construction1940concrete plant
Concrete was barged to the piers.
86
TNB construction1940west anchorage
87
TNB construction1940east anchorage
88
TNB completed with toll plazafacing west
Note The 1940 bridge had a two lane roadway.
89
New Tacoma Narrows Bridge
90
Overview of TNB Project

• Owner Washington State DOT
• Design-Build by Tacoma Narrows Constructorsa
  joint venture of Kiewit Pacific and Bechtel
• New suspension bridge parallel to and south of
  the existing TNB.
• Location Puget Sound near Tacoma, Washington.

91
Overview of TNB Project

• Provides two general purpose and a HOV lane for
  eastbound traffic.
• The new bridge will include a separated path for
  bicycles and pedestrians.
• The new bridge is designed to accommodate a
  second deck in the future.
• The existing bridge work includes seismic
  improvements.

92
Overview of TNB Project

• Project timeline Total project time to complete
  is 5.5 years
• New bridge will open in 2007
• Existing bridge upgrades to be complete by 2008.

93
Overview of TNB Project

• Duration of bridge construction
• 1940 bridge 19 months
• 1950 bridge 29 months (replacement structure for
  1940 bridge)
• 2007 bridge 51 months

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Overview of TNB Project

• Project scope 3.4 miles including the new
  bridge.
• Bridge length 5,400 ft.
• Main span between towers 2,800 ft.
• Tower height 510 ft. requiring 8,500 cu. yd. of
  concrete per tower.

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Overview of TNB Project

• Total project cost 849 million
• Financing Tolls will pay for 800 million (3
  roundtrip per vehicle)
• /km 155,000,000

96
Tower Construction

• Duration of tower construction (both the east and
  west towers) 10 months

97
Construction Images

• Existing bridge
• PCC batch plant
• New east side pier and tower
• New west side pier and tower
• New west side anchorage

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Existing Bridge
99
Existing Bridge

• West tower constructed of steel in 1950.

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Existing BridgeThe Old and The New
101
PCC Batch Plant
102
PCC Batch Plant

• Noise wall built to reduce noise impact on homes
  across the road from the plant.

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New West Side Tower and Pier

• PCC is pumped from the shore via a catwalk
  located under the existing bridge to the new
  tower.

104
New East Side Tower and Pier

• View of the new east tower and pier under
  construction
• November 5, 2004
• View is from the west side pierapproximately
  2,800 ft distance.

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New West Side Tower and Pier

• View of the new west tower and pier under
  construction
• November 5, 2004
• New tower is reinforced PCC.

106
New West Side Tower and Pier

• West tower under construction.
• View shows barges tied to pier showing assembly
  of rebar.

107
New West Side Tower and Pier

• West tower under construction.
• View shows partially constructed tower with
  movable concrete forms at the top of the image.

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New West Side Tower and Pier

• West tower under construction.
• View shows that new PCC towers are hollowone
  tower leg houses a stairway and the other an
  elevator.

109
New West Side Anchorage

• Image shows an overview of the west side
  anchorage construction.

110
New West Side Anchorage

• West side anchorage under construction.
• Approximately 60 ft depth of mass concrete has
  been placed.

111
New West Side Anchorage

• West side anchorage under construction.
• This concrete box will be filled with densified
  sand to add additional weight for the cable
  anchorage system.

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Oresund Bridge
113
Bridge Location
Source Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2005
114
Oresund Bridge16 km long

• 4 km tunnel
• 8 km bridge structure
• 490 m main span
• Navigation clearance 57 m
• Highway top deck
• Rail lower deck
• Construction 1995 to 2000
• Cost 3.2 billion
• /km 200,000,000

Source Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2005
115
Bridge Location
116
Cable Towers and Toll Plaza
117
Traffic across the Oresund
Source Oresundsbro Konsortiet, 2005
118
Oresund BridgeMain Span
Opened to traffic July 1, 2000
119
Oresund BridgeMain Span
120
Oresund Bridge
121
Oresund Bridge Tunnel
122
Oresund Bridge
123
Oresund Bridge Toll PlazaSwedish Side
124
Oresund Bridgeabout US38 one way
125
To be continued tomorrow.