BIOLOGY 103

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BIOLOGY 103
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Syllabus

• Text Life 3rd Edition by Ricki Lewis
• Lecture Note Outlines and Lab Manual in 3-ring
  binder, produced by Biology Faculty in Shoals
  Campus bookstore

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5 Major Units of Material

• Unit 1 Science and Molecules
• Unit 2 Cell Structure and Transport, DNA
  structure replication, Protein Synthesis
• Unit 3 Cells Energy Biochemical Pathways
• Unit 4 Reproduction and Inheritance
• Unit 5 Survey of Prokaryotes and Protists

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TESTS, POINTS, AND GRADES

• A 100 point lecture test will follow each unit
  and will account for 75 of your final grade
• That means that 25 of your grade is earned in
  LAB!!!

Lab is a very important part of this class!!!
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Lab Grade

• Lab Reports Each lab is turned in for credit,
  10 pts each
• Two 50 point lab tests will be given at mid-term
  and just before finals
• Final lab grade will be calculated as a
  percentage of these points
• Example
• 85 points on reports 35 on midterm test 45 on
  final 165
• 165/ 220 (total points) 75

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Calculation of grade for course

• Average grade on lecture X 0.75
• Final Lab Grade X 0.25
• Final Grade
• Example Lecture 85 avg and Lab 60 avg
• 85 x 0.75 75 x 0.25 82.5

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GRADES

• A 90 and above
• B 80-89
• C 70-79
• D 60-69
• F Below 60

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Characteristics of Life
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A Single Mote of Life.....

• Why is it here?
• How does it work?
• These are the complex questions that biologists
  try to answer .....

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Biology is the Science of Life

• What is LIFE??

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What is Life ?? ORDER

• Living things are complex and highly organized
• The simplest living things are more complex and
  organized than the most complex non-living things

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What is Life ?? ENERGY USE AND METABOLISM

• Living things are capable of energy
  transformations
• METABOLISM Anabolism Catabolism
• Transport

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What is Life?? MAINTENANCE OF INTERNAL CONSTANCY

• Homeostasis
• Control concentration of salts and water in
  cell/organism
• Temperature maintenance

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What is Life ?? IRRITABILITY AND ADAPTATION

• Living things respond to stimuli from the
  external and internal environments
• adapt to their environments
• evolve or change through time
• They are irritable
• Plants are living things - Do they respond to
  stimuli?

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What is Life ??GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT

• Hereditary molecules DNA
• Living things can reproduce and make more of
  themselves
• As a result of reproduction living things
• adapt to their environments
• evolve or change through time
• Repair tissues

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Mr. Mrs. Mt. Gorilla proudly announce
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Some Characteristics of Life

• Orderliness, organization
• Energy Use and Metabolism
• Regulation, coordination
• Sensitivity, responsiveness
• Reproduction, Growth

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The Scientific Method
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Scientists use Scientific Method to investigate
LIFE

• Observation
• Information
• Hypothesis
• Repeated experimentation
• Conclusion
• Retest Conclusions

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Controlled Experiment

• CONTROL GROUP
• EXPERIMENTAL (VARIABLE) GROUP
• Two groups treated exactly alike except for the
  variable factor
• Variable factor is used in the hypothesis

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Objective Data

• Empirical evidence
• By gathering objective numerical data from our
  experiments we avoid subjective statements like
  better or worse

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Objective data

• For Example

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Theories

• A Theory is NOT a GUESS due to lack of
  knowledge!!!
• Dont confuse scientific THEORY with the laymans
  use of the term theory

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A Scientific Theory is

• a hypothesis that has withstood the test of time
  and much experimentation
• SOLID GROUND OF SCIENCE
• Generally accepted scientific principle

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Scientific Theory

• Theory of Evolution
• Cell Theory
• More currently
• Estrogen Mimic Theory
• INTERESTING READING IN CHAPTER 2!

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Biologists use the Scientific Method to Learn
about LIFE.
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Introduction to Classification and Taxonomy
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Classification

• Organisms grouped into 5 major kingdoms
• 1. Prokaryotae (Monera)
• 2. Protista
• 3. Mycetae (Fungi)
• 4. Plantae
• 5. Animalia

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Classification Criteria

• Cell type (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic)
• Cell number (single cell or multicell)
• Cell wall (present or absent)
• Photosynthetic or Heterotrophic

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Classification of Prokaryotae (Monera)

• Prokaryotic
• Unicell organisms
• bacteria
• cyanobacteria
• 3 Major shapes
• Bacillus or rod shape
• Coccus or spherical
• Spiral

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Classification of Prokaryotae (Monera)

• Prokaryotic
• Unicell organisms
• bacteria
• cyanobacteria

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Kingdom ProkaryotaeBacteria growing on Petri
Plate
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Kingdom Prokaryotae3 Major Shapes of Bacteria
Spiral
Bacillus
Cocci
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Classification of Protista

• Eukaryotic
• single cell organisms
• both plant and animal unicells
• both photosynthetic and heterotrophic
• protozoa
• algae

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Scanning Electron Microscope
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SEMs of Fossil Diatoms
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Kingdom Protista AlgaeViewed with Light
microscope
Diatoms
Spiral
Dinoflagellates
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Kingdom Protista Protozoa
Two protozoa that cause human disease Trichomonas
vaginalis Giardia lamblia
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Trypanosoma protozoa in a blood smear (African
Sleeping Sickness)
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Classification of Mycetae (Fungi)

• Eukaryotic
• may be multi-cellular
• cell walls
• heterotrophic
• mushrooms, yeast, molds

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Kingdom Myceteae
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Kingdom Myceteae

• Yeast cells
• Bread making
• Alcoholic beverages

Yeast Cells
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Classification of Plantae

• Eukaryotic
• multi-cellular
• cell walls
• photosynthetic
• green plants (grass, flowers, trees)

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Kingdom Plantae
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Classification of Animalia

• Eukaryotic
• multicellular
• no cell walls
• heterotrophic
• humans, dogs, jellyfish, insects

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Kingdom Animalia
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Classification System

• Kingdoms subdivided into increasingly similar
  groups
• Phyla (phylum, singular) animal organisms
• OR
• Division (plant organisms)

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Classification Systems

• Phyla and Divisions are subdivided into Classes
• Classes are subdivided into Orders
• Orders are subdivided into Families
• Families are subdivided into genera (genus,
  singular)
• Genera are divided into species

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Classification Systems

• KingdomgtPhylum or Divisiongt ClassgtOrdergtFamilygtGen
  usgt species

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Classification of humansHomo sapiens

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• species sapiens

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Binomial System

• Genus species
• Genus species
• G. species
• G. species
• Example Escherichia coli (E. coli)