Social Organization Physical structure : the size of the group and its composition in respect of age

1
Aggressive Behavior
2
Social Organization Physical structure the
size of the group and its composition in
respect of age , sex Social structure
all of the relationships among individuals
in the group and their consequences for
spatial distribution and behavioral
interaction
3
Group cohesion duration of association of
the members of the group and frequency of
fission Leader the individual which is in
front during and orderly group
progression
Social Organization
4
Initiator the individual which is the first
to react in a way which elicits a new
group activity
Social Organization
5
Controller the individual who determines
whether or not a new group activity
occur
Social Organization
6
Competitor the situation where individuals
seek to obtain the same
resourceHierrachy a sequence of individual
or group of individuals in
a social group which based upon some
ability or characteristic 
Social Organization
7
Society As a group of individuals of the same
species that is organized in a cooperative manner
extending beyond sexual and parental behavior 
8
behavioral phenomena are seen in domesticated
animals in the course of social
interaction - pair bond - social relationship
between and within sex and age group
farm livestock associate together in
groups - sheep, cattle , horse maintain
visual contact - swine show more body contact
and keep in auditory Communication
General Feature
9
stability of social relationship requires 1. 
recognition between individual animals 2. 
established social position 3.  memory of social
encounters which establish social status 
General feature
10
all herding and flocking animals show
follow reactions types of leadership in
cattle have been subdivided into 3
categories 1.  leadership during movement to
and from location of eating, drinking
and sleeping(movement order) 2.  leadership
in the initiation of grazing and resting
which is the basis of an
initiative order 3.  leadership in direction
during grazing activity which is a more
obscure form of
lead-and-follow behavior
Leadership
11
the activity of the majority seems to prevail
so as direct behavioral policy for all
group effect serves as a basis for the
holistic strategies of group behavior social
facilitation in flock and herd are involved
in daily movements , and in stampedes,
marches and migration which persist as
outstanding behavioral phenomena in animal
Social facilitation
12
In group of animals which have been together
for some time there is often a clearly
established hierarchy result in - maximal
group bonding - minimal aggression - creating
the social stability which is a vital
requirement in good animal husbandry social
hierarchy is not an inviolable structure, merely
the state of settled-out relationship between
individuals
Social order
13
social attachment to humans precocial
species which are behaviorally competent at
birth,cattle, sheep the optimal time is from
birth to 4-6 days most common relationship
between a farm animal is afraid of people,this
fear is extreme in poultry and may be
extreme in sheep, pigs ? effect on
welfare and production
Social interaction
14
Colonial invertebrate social insect Eusocial
insects have 3 traits characteristics 1.
cooperation on the care for young 2. reproductiv
e castes cared for by
nonreproductive castes 3. overlap between
generations such that offspring assist
parents in raising sibling such
as ant , termites, social wasp and social
bees quasi-social form(only trait 1, such as
orchid bees) semisocial form(have traits 1
and 2) 
Examples of social system
15
Fish nothing approaching coelenterate
colonies (insect eusociality)
occurs in the cold-blooded vertebrates live
in open water provides protection from
predators other social behavior ? defense
of nest sites some fish ? territorial(male
playing a large role in defense nest and
eggs)
Vertebrates
16
Amphibians and reptiles many lizard defend
territories in breeding season at high
population densities, the territorial system
may breakdown parenteral care is generally not
extensive among reptilian species,
exceptions are in the crocodilians
Vertebrates
17
Birds aggregate in feeding in feeding and
roosting flocks and well- organized breeding
colonies are common monogamous territorial
breeder 
Vertebrates
18
- newly hatched chicks are attracted to the
hen by warmth, contact, clucking and body
movement - greatest on the day of
hatching - they learn to eat, roost, drink and
avoid enemies in the company of their
mother - cock ? peck order in the breeding
season ,do not peck hen - peck order is most
clearly seen in competition for food and
mates
Social behavior of chickens
19
- are promiscuous breeder - hissing noise with
tail-shaking, crest- raising and swinging
of the head in the males is both a threat
to other males and a sexual display towards
females
Social behavior of ducks
20
- mostly monogamous - polygynous, where males
monopolize several females each and harem
formation is common  
Mammals
21
1.Protection from physical factors 2.Protection
against predators 3.Assembly of sexual species
for male location 4.Locaction and procurement of
food 5.Resource defense against con-specifics
or competing 6.Division of labor among
specialists 7.Richer learning environment for
young that develop slowly 8.Population
regulation 
Why live in groups?
22
1.Increased competition for resources as
group size increase 2.Increased chance of spread
of diseases and parasites 3.Interference
with reproduction, such as cheating in
parental care or killing of young by
non-parents
Possible disadvantages of sociality
23
behavior that appears to be intended to
inflict noxious stimulation or destruction on
other organism physical act, or threat of
action, by an individual which causes pain
or injury or reduces freedom in another
individual more definition is agonistic
behavior , the term includes all aspects of
conflict, such as threats, submissions,
chases, and physical combat
Aggression
24
Social use of spaceDefinitions of the use of
spacehome range the are used habitually by an
animal or group, in which the animal spends
most of its timecore are heaviest use within
home rangeindividual distance the minimum
distance that an animal normally keeps between
itself and other members of the same species.
Competition for Resources
25
An area occupied more or less exclusively by an
animal or group and defended by overt aggression
or advertisement  Dominance Dominance
hierarchy
Territory
26
1.Social aggression 2.Territorial
aggression 3.Pain-induced aggression 4.Fear-indu
ced aggression 5.Irritable aggression 6.Maternal
aggression 7.Sexual aggression 8.Predatory
aggression Extreme forms of aggression
cannibalism
Categories of aggression
27
 1.Genetic factors breed difference - twin
cattle are often of equal dominance - beef
breeds , not differ markedly in weight ? show
different temperament - different in temperament
among dog breeds 2.Environmental control of
aggression - hunger - crowding 
Biological basis of aggression
28
3.Neuroanatomical control of aggression - 2
major types of aggressions - predatory attack ?
silent attack - affective defensive reaction ?
extensive autonomic involvement, pupil
dilation, piloerection, salivation,
hissing, and often sever arching of the
back - lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus
? more aggression
Biological basis of aggression
29
4.Neurochemical control of aggression -
carbacol(lateral hypothalamus) ? induce
high level of mouse killing - arecoline,
muscarinic drug ? increase prey attack -
serotonin may act inhibit aggression in cat 
Biological basis of aggression
30
5.Hormonal control of aggression - male more
aggressive than the female (both
interspecies and intra-species) - testicular
hormones
Biological basis of aggression
31
1.Cattles 1.1 Social order in free-ranging
cattle - Not often found in the feral
state 1.2 Social aggression - bunt order(in
polled cattle) and hook order(in horned
cattle)
Social Structure and Aggression in Domestic
Animals
32
1.3 Determinants of dominance - the determinants
of dominance in cattle appear to be
height,weight, presence or absence of horns,
age, sex and territoriality - dominance increase
with estrus and decrease with
pregnancy - breed difference, Angus cattle are
usually dominant over Herefords and
shorthorns - among dairy breeds, Ayrshires are
dominant over Holsteins
1.Cattle
33
1.4 Measuring temperament1.5 Postures of
aggression1.6 Clinical cases of
aggression - aggression toward people butting,
kicking, and crushing
1.Cattle
34
2.1 Social aggression - wild herds strict order
by sex and age - domestic herds strict order
by sex and age quite a different
picture - dominance hierarchies tend to be
linear unless the group is large(triangular
and more complex relationship appear) 
2.Horses
M-41gtC-14gtAPPgtC-19gtC-6gtC-1gt318gtC-16gtC-46gtC-3gtC-24
31gt36gt32gt37gt33gt34gt35gt38gt40gt39
35
2.Horses
36
2.2 Sexual aggression - antisexual
aggression2.3 Treatment of aggression in
Horses - aggression toward people - aggression
toward horses
2.Horses
37
3.1 Social aggression 3.2 Sexual
aggression 3.3 Preventing aggression - among
newly mixed pigs - tail biting  
3.Pigs
38
4.1 social aggression 4.2 sexual aggression 
4.Sheep and Goats
39
5.1 Social system 5.1.1 determinants of
dominance5.2 Types of aggression 5.2.1 social
aggression 5.2.2 territorial aggression 5.2.3
fear-induced aggression 5.2.4 irritable
aggression 5.2.5 maternal aggression 5.2.6
predatory aggression
5.Dogs
40
5.Dogs
41
5.3 Guard dogs for predatory control - Anatolian
shepherd, the spitz, and Komondor and great
pyrenees5.4 Prevention of aggression5.5
Avoiding aggression toward infants
5.Dogs
42
5.6 Treatment of aggression in dogs 5.6.1
general approach - obedience training, specific
submissiveness training, castration,
treatment with progestational agent - if
aggression is severe ? ecommend euthanasia
5.Dogs
43
5.6.2 pharmacological treatment - mesgestol
acetate 1 mg/lb for 2 wks, follow by 0.5 mg/lb
for 2 wks and final 2 wks on 0.25
mg/lb 5.6.3 submission through obedience 1.to
teach the dog that it will be rewarded for
obeying 2.to establish that the owner is
dominant
5.Dogs
44
5.6.4 desensitization5.6.5 surgical
procedures5.6.7 reducing territorial aggression
5.Dogs
45
5.7 Treatment of aggression toward
veterinarian 5.7.1 Muzzing, slip chain collar,
nose pole 5.7.2 Drugs xylazine 5.7.3 Threat
reduction 
5.Dogs
46
6.1 Social aggression 6.2 Sexual and
territorial aggression 6.3 Predatory
aggression 6.4 Treatment of aggression in cats
6.Cats
47
6.Cats
48
6.Cats