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Referencing Bibliographies

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• Celia Munro

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When to reference

• quoting the exact words of another writer
• closely summarising a passage from another writer
  (paraphrasing)
• using an idea or material which is directly based
  on the work of another writer
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Referencing styles

• APA (American Psychological Association)
• more information can be found at the INFO1010
  Referencing page
• Harvard or Author-date
• Chicago
• MLA
• Vancouver
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http//www.newcastle.edu.au/library/info1010/apa.h
tml
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In-text referencing

• acknowledge others work at the point it appears
  or is discussed in your essay
• relies on reader getting the details from your
  bibliography or works cited list.
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APA style Intext referencing
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In-text referencing

• Its there to refer the reader to the full
  details in the bibliography.
• In-text referencing relies on the Bibliography or
  Reference list at the end of the article,
  chapter, etc.
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In-text referencing

• one author
• Shaw (1995) compares various testing methods
• OR
• In a recent study of various testing methods
  (Shaw, 1995) ...
• page numbers should be included only when using a
  direct quote
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In-text referencing

• two authors
• Robinson and Jones (1997) discuss the
  implications of the major theories of
• One implication of these theories is that there
  may be a detectable increase in the rate of
  cooling in the earth (Robinson Jones, 1997).
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In-text referencing

• three, four or five authors
• cite all authors the first time, then for
  subsequent citations only use the surname of the
  first author followed by et al.
• are the major theoretical approaches
  (James, Larkin Jones, 1998)
• Which then becomes.. (James, et al.,
  1998).
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In-text referencing

• Six or more authors
• Use et al each time
• Graham, et al. (1994) discuss the problems
  associated with
• found to be the major problems (Graham, et al.,
  1994)
• But use all the names in the bibliography
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In-text referencing

• Where there is no author, use the title and
  publication date, e.g.
• Recent fossil discoveries have shown (World
  of scientific discovery, 1994)
• You need only use the first 3-4 words of a title
  - enough to distinguish it from other items in
  the Bibliography
• Do NOT use Anon or Anonymous
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Secondary referencing

• Sometimes you will read important information
  cited by someone else.
• In the in-text reference you need to mention the
  original author
• Jones found that (as cited in Miller 1996)
• In the bibliography, you only include the work
  you read, ie only Miller.
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Reference Lists Bibliographies

• You must include
• a Works cited list and
• a Bibliography at the end of your report,
• including full details of all the works cited
• Works cited/Reference List
• appears at the end of the essay and includes all
  the works cited within the essay itself in
  alphabetical order by author
• Bibliography
• includes the wider list of works that you read as
  background in your research but did not reference
  directly in the essay
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Bibliographies

• Bibliographies must
• be in alphabetical order by authors surname
• list items without authors in alphabetical order
  by their title - do not list under Anonymous or
  Anon
• have all the elements of the reference in the
  correct order
• use consistent punctuation throughout
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Works cited / Bibliography
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Bibliography syntax

• There is a set pattern to when and how you put
  information in a bibliography, even down to the
  commas and full stops.
• This pattern repeats itself for most forms
  books, articles, videos, web pages etc
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Bibliography syntax

• Author. Date. Title (ed). Place. Publisher
• Smith, J. (2000). Writing Reports (2nd ed.).
  Sydney Booklist
• House, S. Call, T. (1999) Reporting the
  research. New York Bookers
• Cloak, P. (2001) Focus on reports Journal of
  Professional Writing 16,(2) 12-18
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Bibliography syntax

• Changes do not really disturb the order.
• Eg - no author? the title takes the authors
  place in the syntax.
• Title. Date. Place and Publisher
• Websters geographical dictionary. (1949).
  Springfield, MA Merriam-Webster
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Books

• Author(s) or Editor(s).
• (Year of publication).
• Title. (Edition) if applicable.
• Place of publication Publisher.

Jones, B. T. Smith, N. V. (Eds.). (1982).
Extinction. New York Barnes and Ellis.
Only include the edition if it is not the first
edition, e.g. (2nd ed.), (5th ed.),
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Chapters in books

• Author(s) of chapter. (Year of publication).
  Title of chapter. In
• Editor(s) of book. Title of book. (page numbers
  of chapter). Place of publication Publisher.
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• Schwartz, M. T. Billoski, T. V. (1982)
  Greenhouse hypothesis effect on dinosaur
  extinction. In B. T. Jones N. V. Smith (Eds.).
  Extinction (pp. 175-189). New York Barnes and
  Ellis.

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Journal articles

• Author(s). (year of publication). Title of
  article. Title of journal, volume number, (issue
  number), month or season, page numbers.
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• Schwartz, M. T. (1976). Evolving ecosystems
  role in dinosaur extinction. Nature, 12 (8),
  16-17.

only use if there is no issue number
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Full-text journal articles from electronic
databases

• Author(s). (year of publication) Article
  title. Title of journal, volume number (issue
  number), page numbers, Retrieved month day, year,
  from database name.
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• Wrubel, R. (1998). Biotechnology right or
  wrong? BioScience, 48, 210-211. Retrieved March
  9, 2000, from Expanded Academic ASAP database

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Web pages

• In-text referencing the same as printed items,
  i.e., (author, date) (Louie, 1996)
• Bibliography
• Author(s). (year). Title.
• Retrieved month day, year, from url
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Louie, J. (1996). Earths interior. Retrieved
August 13, 2002, from http//www.seismo.unr.edu /
ftp/pub/louie/class/100/interior.html
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No author

• Some items have no author
• particularly web pages and newspaper articles as
  well as some books
• Title. (edition). (publication year). Place of
  Publication Publisher.
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Concise dictionary of biology (New ed.). (1990).
Oxford Oxford University Press.
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No date

• Some items have no date
• frequent occurrence with web pages, and does
  happen in printed material
• Use (n.d.) for no date
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Strauss, S. (n.d.) Pilot fatigue. Retrieved July
31, 2000, from http//www.ozemail.com.au/dxw/Pilo
t_Fatigue.html
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Referencing in all formats

• Regardless of the format you use for your
  assignment (essay, report, etc), you must
  acknowledge the sources of your information.
• Most style guides do not give specific guidelines
  for sources in new formats (electronic), but the
  same principles apply.
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Referencing in Powerpoint presentations

• If you quote directly from a source ( a direct
  quote or images) in a powerpoint slide, you
  always need to cite the source
• usually by including a note at the bottom of the
  slide
• try to make the text of this note quite small
  (but still readable), so as not to intrude too
  much on the content of the slide
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Referencing images

• Images from sources other than clip art must be
  acknowledged
• usually with a note under the image, whether this
  be in an essay, report, presentation or web page
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From Cartoon. (2000). Ariadne, (24). Retrieved
on August 1, 2001 from http//www.ariadne.ac.uk/i
ssue24/cartoon/