Civil UAV Activity Status Review April 2002 Part B

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Civil UAV Activity Status Review April 2002Part
B
Shlomo TsachDirector of Flight Sciences, I.A.I.

• UAVNET Warsaw Meeting
• 29/04/2002

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Part B

• Contents
• A. UAVNET Sessions summary
• B. TAAC Symposium Review
• C. Other Interesting Activities
• D. Miscellaneous

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A. UAVNET Sessions summary

• SSC - Stockholm Meeting - Oct. 2002
• CIRA - Capua Meeting - Feb. 2003
• 1. UAV Technologies Design
• 2. Applications
• 3. Safety Operations

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UAV Technologies and Design

• 1.1 UAV Design Definition
• Solar HALE - (Turin Polytechnic University)
• Manufacturing of light composite structures
  technology, design, manufacturing, analysis,
  tests
• Heliplat - Tabular main spar CRFP wing
  box
• 1.2 HALE - Aeroelasticity for UAV preliminary
  design (ONERA)
• Structural models
• Analysis, sizing
• Dynamic behavior

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1.3 HALE Studies ALENIA
Operating alt. 20000m 24h Loiter _at_ 1000km
radius Payload 600kg Take off weight 2440kg Turbo
charged piston propulsion

• 1.4 Rotorcraft Technology
• Unsteady aerodynamic effects in the flow around a
  helicopter blade WUT- Poland
• 1.5 UAV configuration design
• Dynamic characteristic of different UAV
  configurations WUT- Poland

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CRX-X3 goals Endurance 72h 2008 Altitude 25000
m Payload 250kg
1.6 PRO.R.A - UAV CIRA 2005 - CRX2 UAV CIRRUS
MTOW 375kg Sref 4.5m2 Span 7.3m2 Payload 80k
g Range 150km Endurance 8hour Flight
ceiling 6000m OEW 230kg Fuel 65kg
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1.7 Lightweight Aircraft Structures in
Lithuania Research, Design and Manufacturing
VGTU Lithuania

• Light airplane development manufacturing of
  composite gliders
• UAV configurations

1.8 History of Operational Challenges and
Successes The Impact on Civil UAVs - B.A.E.

• Progress of UAV operations
• Civilian UAV technologies
• Safety and certification issues

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2. Applications

• 2.1 Potential remote sensing applications for
  UAVs DLR
• Earth observation
• Atmosphere
• Land surface
• Ocean
• Safety monitoring
• Pipelines supply systems
• Traffic systems
• Large scale structures
• High temperature events
• Forest chemical fires
• Volcanoes

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2.2 EUROFAR

• European fleet for airborne research DLR
• Environmental research
• Atmospheric
• Marine
• Terrestrial
• Earth sciences

Payload 100-6000kg Endurance 1-10h Ceiling 10-70k
ft
Aircraft requirements
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• 2.3 UAVLAB GSI, SNRC
• Scientific applications
• Demonstration future facility
• Atmospheric,marine,agriculture,geographic,environm
  ent, emergency
• Payload req. 20-200kg
• Altitude 1-10km
• Endurance 1-20h
• Atmospheric science
• Cloud physics
• Aerosol science
• Marine science
• Mapping phytoplankton
• Marine biology
• Agriculture
• Crop improvement
• Geographics
• Magnetic, radiological, gravimetring mapping
• Monitoring of natural resources

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• 2.4 Broadband communications from aerial
  platforms -York University
• Mobile, internet, video, TV, telephony
• HAP High Altitude Platforms
• 17-22km -Airship length 200m Payload 1000-200
  0kg -Airplane Helinet 70m span (FR5
  program)
• -Proteus
• 2.5 Civil Applications - EADS
• Forest fires monitoring
• Planned demonstration summer 2003
• Accurate measurement of sea temperature for oil
  localization
• Monitoring
• White flood in Alp Mountains
• Roads blocked by snow
• Ground traffic management
• Monitoring of controlled fires (agriculture)

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3. Safety Operations

• 3.1 USICO - Unmanned Aerial Safety Issues for
  Civil Operations - Airobotics
• Airworthiness
• See Avoid
• Integration in ATC
• 3.2 See Avoid technologies -FHS
• EO, IR, microwave
• ADSB, VDL Mode 4
• 3.3 Civil UAV safety issues -IAI
• Airworthiness operational certifications
  aspects
• Safety objective for individual catastrophic
  failure
• UAV system as whole, air vehicles, GCS,
  communications, flight termination
• Operational safety - IFF, voice relay,
  anti-collision lights, sense avoid

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• 3.4 UAV airworthiness certification concepts -
  Alenia
• airworthiness -airworthy
• ATC -controlled
• Operations -licensed
• ICAO 12/2000
• Eurocontrol 10/1999
• JAA 1/2001
• Some thoughts on a UAV airworthiness regulation
• Freedom from any known characteristic which could
  cause in flight collision and uncontrolled
  impacts into terrain
• Safety - FAR/ JAR

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Safety Operations

• 3.5 UAV Italian study group -Alenia
• AIAD - Italian Association of Aerospace and
  Defense Industries
• ENAC - National Civil Airworthiness Authority
• ENAV - ATM/ATC Authority
• DGAA - Italian Air Force Certification Authority
• Universities
• CIRA
• Draft ENAC 1999 (JAR, VLA)
• WG1 - Classification safety
• WG2 - Airworthiness
• WG3 - Operations
• WG4 - ACT/ATM integration aspects
• Steering group
• Contact with JAA, ICAO, Eurocontrol

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B. TAAC Symposium ReviewOct. 2001

• 1. Integration into airspace
• 2. Certification and safety issues
• 3. Applications, demonstrations and technologies
• 4. Economics

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1.1 Integrating ROA into Civil AirspaceJoint
Study - FAA, OSD, USAF

• Air traffic
• US military ROA, civil/commercial ROA integrating
  NAS international airspace
• Vision - File and Fly on the same day anywhere
  in the world at current levels of safety
• Approach
• Replace COA process
• Develop system based See Avoid
• Use existing CFR for ROA regulation
• FY 01 - Baseline phase
• FY 02 - Demonstration Phase - Predator
• FY 03 - Regulatory phase

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1.2 Sense Avoid (SAA) OverviewTAAC New Mexico
University

• Sense and avoid
• Over the horizon command control
• Vision systems EO,IR
• Passive, compact, available, inexpensive
• Field of regard, relative speed, clutter
• Radar
• Range relative speed
• Active, electrical power, expensive
• Cooperative systems
• Accurate position velocity, collision
  prediction
• Sees only aircraft equipped, expensive?

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1.3 Non Cooperative Detect, See Avoid (DSA)

• MTSI
• Equivalent level of safety (FAA N 7610.71 3.99)
• Azimuth - 110 0
• Elevation - 10 0
• VFR minimum visibility 3 miles alt lt10 kft 5
  miles alt gt 10 kft
• Missed distance gt 500 ft
• Max. Speed 250 kT
• Cooperative sensors
• TCAS, ADS-B, Skywatch, GPS, LADAR
• Non cooperative sensors
• Radar, LADAR, EO, IR, multiple sensors data
  fusion
• Recent demonstration flight test (Oct. 2001)
• DSA sensor integration
• DSA flight tests

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1.4 DSA Amphitech International Oasis Radar
(Helicopter)

• 35Ghz
• All weather
• Obstacles detection 1nm away
• Power lines, towers, buildings
• Terrain, trees
• Air traffic
• In fog, mist, rain, haze, smoke, snow
• Weight 20-30lb
• Flight altitude gt 25kft
• Detection Cessna C-172 gt10miles

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1.5 Capstone Process FAA

• Safety improvement in Alaska
• Free flight roadmap
• Real world data
• Technologies
• GPS - WASS primary navigation
• Terrain data
• ADS-B
• FIS
• AWOS
• Approaches
• Measurement
• ADS-B introduced to normal operations 02/2000
• IFR navigation availability gtgt.9999

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2.1 FAA Certification RoadmapNASA ERAST

• Develop and validate SAA and OTH subsystems for
  HALE - ROA
• SAA Sense and Avoid
• OTH Over the Horizon
• Developed and validate - FAA certification
  process
• Lead industry proactive interaction with FAA
• 2001-2002
• Cooperative DSA detect, sense, avoid
• OTH communication
• Manned platforms testing
• 2002-2004
• Non cooperative DSA
• Cooperative DSA
• OTH communications

ALTUS Solar UAV testing
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2.2 The Challenges of the Approval of
UAVs Issues Problems

• FAA AIR 110
• ATS- Air Traffic Service
• AFS- Flight Standards Service
• AIR- Aircraft Certification Service
• ARM- Office of Rulemaking
• AGC- Office of the Chief Counsel
• Current FAA activities
• HELIOS high altitude certification (ERAST)
• JAA CAA (UK), ENAC (Italy)
• CASA (Australia) proposed NRMP evaluation
• AUVSI
• NATO/POD
• NMSU
• DOE

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2.3 Regulatory Activity Concerning UAVs in
Canada Aervations Associates

• CAR - Permissive
• Outside restricted areas
• Special operations certificate (SFOC)

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2.4 Safety Panel

• Air Safety
• Manufacturers
• Airplane
• Flight maintenance
• Training
• Safety analysis
• Operators
• Procedures
• Publications
• Maintenance
• Safety program
• Training
• ..
• Government
• Aviation law
• Operations specifications
• Rules regulations
• Policy procedures

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2.5 UAVs Innovative Technology for Tomorrow's
Aviation Needs

• CASA (Australia)
• Risk Indicators
• Airworthiness
• Failure safety, redundancy, exempt
• UAV characteristics
• Size, speed, category, equipment
• ATC
• Radar, procedural, .
• Air traffic
• Air route
• High/low frequency CA
• Sparse
• Population density
• Urban, suburban, rural, remote

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3. Applications, Demonstrations and Technology

• 3.1 NASA - ERAST Activity
• HALE UAV regulatory roadmap - TAAC
• HALE gt 45kft Endurance gt 24h
• HALE Applications
• Telecommunications
• Disaster monitoring
• Meteorology
• Scientific research
• Agriculture monitoring
• Aerial Photography
• Search rescue
• Law enforcement

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3.2HELIOSNASA - Dryden, Aerovironment

• 247 ft span
• 1500 ft2 solar area 20 Watt/ ft2 30kW
• L/D 30 , W1500 Drag50lb
• Speed 20 mph S.L. 170 mph 96K
• HP(Watt req.) 3 x mph x Drag (Pound)
• Missions
• Earth monitoring
• Surveillance
• Tele communications
• Disaster monitoring
• Mapping

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• 3.3 Global disaster information network (GDIN)
  and commercial SKY TOWER
• SKY TOWER subsidiary of Aerovironment inc.
• Platform in the sky
• Up to 6 month flight duration 60 kft
• Rapidly deployable
• Stationary
• Relocatable
• Use of multiple aircraft for reliability
• SKY TOWER telecom application
• Fixed broadband
• Direct broadcast
• 3-g mobile
• Voice

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• Precision covered different areas
• Autonomously controlled station keeping mode
• Airborne standby platform
• Common maintenance control facility
• Exceptional capacity coverage
• Single platform over 1000 x capacity of
  satellites
• Regional monitoring missions
• Volcanoes
• Earth quakes
• Floods
• Agriculture
• Fishing
• Coral health
• Pollution
• Environmental impact

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3.4 Coffee Harvest Optimization using Path
Finder Plus

• NASA AMES, Aeroviroment inc., Clark University,
  Kavai coffee company
• Demonstration commercial value of long duration
  solar powered aircraft
• Payload 75lb
• Kodak/Hasselblad Duncen Tech.Digital cameras
• Alfi Ethernat bridge antenna

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3.5 Civil Application UAV - TAAC Vision Tomorrow

• Routine UAV flights in civil airspace
• Equivalent level of safety
• Worldwide certification codes
• Expanding civil and commercial application
• Natural resources management
• Telecommunications
• Urban management
• Law enforcement
• Power line (pipeline) inspection
• Environmental monitoring

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Enabling Technologies UAV -TAAC

• See and Avoid
• Over the Horizon
• Redundancy
• Materials
• Propulsion
• Software
• Sensing and automation
• Communication
• Fusion
• Safety reliability
• Vulnerability

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Attributes of Aircraft and Air Traffic Systems
of the Future TAAC

• Single pilot or no pilot on board
• Totally automated ATC
• Tighter schedules
• Increased security
• Satellite communication and navigation
• Less traffic separation

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• 4.1 BUSINESS MODEL FOR UAV - A.S.I.
• Barriers to Market Development
• - UAV Reliability
• - FAA Regulations
• - Insurance
• - Weather
• - Potential Substitutes
• - Existing Competitors
• Airborne Communication NODE Market Analysis
• - Competitors - Ground Networks, mobile
  subscriber satellite (MSS)
• - Attributes - Opportunities to upgrade
• - Airborne actuated
  improves signal strength
• - COST to Benefit ratio comparable to satellite

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C. Other Interesting Activities

• 1. Applications and demonstrations
• 2. Safety Collision Avoidance
• 3. Integration into airspace and certification

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1.1 NASA Demonstrations

• 6/2002 - Telecom demo
• A. III Generation mobile application 384 kbit/sec
• B. Digital high definition T.V.
• Pathfinder-plus 60 kft
• Over 1000 times the capacity of satellite
  fraction of the cost of cable and DSL set up in a
  matter of days
• 9/2002 -Coffee harvest optimization mission (20
  kft)

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1.2 FIRE (First Response Experiment) Program
(NASA)

• UAV disaster monitoring
• NASA - ERAST
• USFS - US Forest Service
• GA- SI
• .
• Demonstration
• Altus (Predator A)
• Predator B
• Altair (in future)
• Provide OTH (over the horizon) to remote command
  centers
• AIRDAS (Airborne Infra Red Disaster Assessment
  System)
• 14 x 7 inch viewing port
• Weight 270lb
• IR wavelengths (1) .64-.71 micron
• (2) 1.57-1.7
• (3) 3.75- 4.05
• (4) 5.5-13.
• Including GPS/ INU
• Satcom 64kbit/sec

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FIRE ProgramUAV Over The Horizon Management
Demonstration

• Mission
• Fire monitoring
• Flood mapping/monitoring
• Hurricane tracking
• Tornado, other weather
• Earth quake
• Volcanic eruption
• Toxic plume, chemical release
• Terrorist, others social disaster
• Provide communication support
• 2001 Wildfire Demon on ALTUS
• 2002-2003 additional planned demonstration
• ALTAIR
• OTH data link

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1.3 GDINGlobal Disaster Information Network

• Provide information assisting in natural or
  technological disasters
• Non profit association
• Started 1998 by US State Department
• Annual conference
• Ankara 2000 declaration
• Canberra 2001 statement
• Italy 2002
• Governments Australia, Turkey, Italy, USA,
  Canada, Russia, Mexico
• UN, EC, OECD ADPC, ADRS
• Academia
• Industry
• Peace Wing-proposal for demonstration 3/2001
• 6 months on station 65 kft
• 100 kg payload
• Use of solar powered aircraft

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1.4 ACES - Altus Cumulus Electrification Study

• Study Thunderstorms,
• G.A. Altus UAV (Predator Derivative)
• Science Demonstration Program (SDP)
• - NASA Marshall
• - NASA Goddard
• - Penn State University
• - General Atomics
• - IDEA Corp. (Payload Integration)
• - NASA Kennedy
• ACES Payload - 400 watt, 183 lb, 6.8 ft3
• - Altus Performance Required 40-55kft, 4-5
  hour
• Planned Demonstration July 2002

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Safety and Collision Avoidance
2.1 Flight tests to validate UAV collision
avoidance NASA, DRYDEN, TAAC, ERAST 13/3/2002

• Proteus aircraft remote controlled (safety
  pilot)18 approach scenarios
• Different aircraft including NASA F/A-18
• Primary sensor Skywatch hp traffic advisory
  system IR radar sensor
• ERAST program

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2.2 Automatic Air Collision Avoidance
System AUTO ACAS - NASA - DRYDEN

• Common Architecture for UAVs Piloted A/C
• - Concept Study - Mar. 2001
• - Demonstration - end 2003
• Piloted
• Unmanned
• - Full integration
• See and Avoid sensor
• Auto Ground Collision Avoidance
• System Elements - Communication Link 16,
  VDL
• - Navigation
  INS, GPS
• - SAA Sensors
  
• - Algorithm
  Processor
• - Auto pilot

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3.1 Vanguard Alliance

• Proposal submitted by Amtech to U.S. D.O.T.
  20/11/2001 on behalf NASA ERAST members
• Aerovironment inc.
• Aurora Flight Sciences
• General Atomics
• Scaled Composites
• National next generation aircraft technology
  program introducing ROA into NAS
• 5 years plan approximately 70 m per year
  starting in 2003
• ROA-NAS CONOPS architecture definition
• ROA flight rule certification standards
• ROA subsystem development
• ROA test infrastructure
• ROA integration flight safety tests
• ROA mission demonstrations
• NASA center development support

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3.2 Care Innovatives Action - IABGPreliminary
Study

• Integration of unmanned aerial vehicles into
  future air traffic management
• December 2001
• By Dept. Airborne Air Defense (Germany)
• UAV classification proposal
• Class 0 below 25 kg
• Class 1 25-500 kg
• Class 2 501-2000 kg
• Class 3 gt2000 kg
• To support USICO study

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3.3 UAV Airworthiness CertificationKivi Dt NLR
(7/6/2001)

• Legislation air regulation
• Operations in others airspace type(s)
• External user safety
• Airworthiness requirements apply
• Internal safety
• Other requirements
• External ground safety
• Potential venues
• USICO
• UCARE
• NAFAG Air Group VII

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3.4 ATTAS UAV Project DLR 17/10/2001

• DLR, EADS, ESG, WTD 61
• Phase I - definition of demo program (completed)
• Phase II - demonstration start (9/2001 start)
• Recommendation for certification (9/2004)
• Demonstration objectives
• Operation in controlled common AIR SPACE
• Standard emergency procedures
• Certification standards
• Procedures with relay systems (HALE UAV)
• DLR- DO 228 to simulate UAV
• Braunschwig- Ground control station

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3.5 FAA Special Operation Division

• Demonstrate the ability to achieve an equivalent
  level of safety comparable to manned aircraft
• The ability to operate in the NAS without posing
  a hazard to persons or property in the air or on
  the surface
• Airspace operations 14 CFR part 91
• Position anti collision strobe lights
• Transponder
• Navigation
• Communication capability
• Compliance with ATC clearances
• Airport operations
• Departure, enroute, arrival procedures
• ROA operational issues
• Safe integration in the NAS
• Separation requirements
• Communication
• Operator
• ROA airworthiness
• ROA certification
• Controller interaction

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3.6 U.S. Regulatory Activity per L.R.NUKE
Newcome - 1/2002

• DOD
• FAA not coordinated
• NASA

• OASD(C3I),FAA, A.F.F Standards, NASA A.S.I.
• 1. Definition of process for safely integrating
  ROA into NAS
• Remotely operated aircraft
• National airspace system
• Objective Replace current COA (Certificate of
  Authorization) with standardized one across all
  FAA
• Flight plan filed flight at the same day
• Effort focused in air traffic regulatory aspect
• Military ROA in domestic civil airspace

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• 2. Starting 1997
• Northrop Grumman
• Autometric
• TASC Coordination COA for Global Hawk
• Coordination time 14month Portugal 5/2000 3wee
  ks Langley AFB 6/2001 Germany 10/2002
• Devising long term
• Global Hawk
• Specific - COA
• Most of the missions outside the NAS (gt60k)

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• 3. NASA
• ERAST
• Modern Technology Solutions inc.
• New Vistas International
• New Mexico University with SAIC
• Chart airworthiness certification for non
  military UAV (Altair, Predator B)
• Locating wildfires - 2003 (northwest)
• 4. AIA
• Aerospace Industries Association
• Leading Northrop Grumman
• Working group
• Aircrew qualification
• Flying production acceptance
• Delivery flights of UAV in civil airspace

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• 5. DFI International
• Research policy implications of allowing military
  UAVs to operate in civil aerospace
• 6. AUVSI IPT
• FAA ISG
• Fall 98 gt Oct. 1999
• Addressing regulatory issues
• Evenly across all classes of UAV
• 7 AMTECH
• Vanguard Alliance
• ROA regulatory process - 293M (2003-2007) follow
  to ERAST plan

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