IMAGINE THERE

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IMAGINE THERES NO WASTE

• ITS EASY IF YOU TRY!

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The topic of the Comenius project of this year
has given us the possibility to reflect on the
CO2 production which we are responsible of. We
said that any of us can begin an useful process
towards a world change.well this is true!!
Since any of us is responsible for 10 tons of
annual CO2 emission (the same emissions that are
producing catastrophic changes on our planet) it
is clear that any of us might also reduce them.
Therefore doing that we could probably avoid the
total destruction of our beautiful Earth that in
spite of everything has still great things to
give us.

• THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• THE CAUSES OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• THE PROTOCOL OF KYOTO
• NOT SO BRIGHT
• DATA CONCERNING AIR POLLUTION
• MOST POLLUTED CITIES

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 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• -WHAT IS IT?
• The greenhouse effect is the result of the
  presence of an atmosphere around a planet.
• The atmosphere absorbs part of the infra-red rays
  emitted by the ground warmed by the radiation
  received by the star.
•  
• The name comes from the similarity with what
  happens in the greenhouses used for farming,
  although the basic process is different.
•  
• In this situation,part of the radiation beamed by
  the ground is absorbed by the atmosphere and
  beamed again in all directions,then part of it is
  also emitted towards the ground.
• This implies that the radiative equilibrium
  establishes around a higher temperature than the
  one that would establish without the atmosphere.

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The solar radiation has a powerful ultraviolet
factor that reaches the soil where its absorbed
and beamed again in part with a different
wavelengththis is the infra-red
wavelength,that,being less powerful than the
ultraviolet one,cant pass through the
troposphere and so remains trapped.Infact the
earth atmosphere isnt transparent to the
infra-red rays therefore only the 6 of the
radiation reflected by the ground can disperse in
the cosmos.This causes a progressively growing
heating of the earths surface.The remaining
part of the radiation is absorbed and heats the
atmosphere,which riemits energy in exchange so
the temperature of the ground increases this way
if the quantity of dispersed radiation
compensates the one received by the Sun.

• The greenhouse effect enables the earth to have
  an average temperature higher than the water
  freezing point,so it allows life far as we know
  it.
•  In the solar system,this phenomenon has also
  been observed on Mars,Venus and Titan. The
  elements that determine the greenhouse
  effect,called gas carbons,are mainly water
  vapour,carbonic anhydride (CO2),methane
  (CH4),nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) which
  are able to absorb the solar radiation once
  bounced on the earths surface.

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There are also gases of anthropic origin such as
alocarbides and many other molecules,which
contain chlorine and fluorine that are harmful
for the ozone stratospheric layer.Halogenated
gases are issued in vey small quantity in
comparison to CO2,CH4 and N2O but they can have a
very long life and the strong effect because they
have a higher radiative intensity,from 3000 to
13000 times superior to the carbon dioxide
one.The combination of this two characteristics
has been called Global Warming Potential
(GWP).The GWP is a measure of the contribution
of a certain gas carbon to the global warming as
for CO2. The GWPs are calculated by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and are
used as factors of conversion to calculate the
gas carbon emissions in equivalent issues of CO2.
 
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This is a quantitative representation of the
existing energies
CAUSES OF THE EARTHS HEAT AVERAGE IRRADIATION (Watt/m )
Natural greenhouse effect 170
Anthropic greenhouse effect 2,0
Solar irradiation 0,25
Volcanic geothermy 0,20
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THE CAUSES OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT  

• The increase in gas carbons is due to causes
  connected to human activities.
• The progressive heating is in great measure
  caused by the predominant energetic model
• 80 of the carbonic anhydride emissions,the main
  gas carbon,comes from the combustion of
  coal,petroleum and methane.therefore from the
  activities of thermoelectric power plants,from
  the industrial fumes and the car outpourings.
• Infact the use of fossil fuels (since the
  development of industries) that has dented the
  geological carbon stocks,and the higher methane
  production due to the increase in rearing and of
  the submerged cultivations (for instance
  rice),have determined a hike in the concentration
  of gas carbons.
• Also the nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture
  are responsible for great part of the nitrogen
  oxide emissions.
• The clorofluorocarbons,whose production is
  decreasing,are responsible for the destruction of
  the ozone layer finally,the last accused is
  deforestation,which proceeds at the rhythm of a
  football pitch per second in the tropical
  forests.In fact trees act as carbon
  accumulators,so the quantity of carbonic
  anhydride emitted in the air increases a bit for
  each hectare of burnt forest.
•  
• As for the part of blame of each country,a
  significant date is that more than half of the
  gas carbons emissions comes from developed
  countries United States,European
  Union,Canada,Japan,Australia,where only a fifth
  of the world population lives
• but also the developing countries are performing
  an important role China is immediately after the
  USA as for the quantity of gas carbons emitted.

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Incidence of some gases on the greenhouse effect
 
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THE PROTOCOL OF KYOTO

• The Protocol of Kyoto is an international treaty
  signed in the Japanese city on 11 December 1997
  by more than 160 countries. In February 2005
  became effective, after being ratified by part of
  Russia.
• Terms and conditions
  
  
  the treaty provides for the
  obligation for the industrialized countries to
  operate a drastic reduction of the emissions of
  polluting elements (dioxide of carbon and other
  five greenhouse gases, nitrogen methane, oxide,
  idrofluorocarburi, perfluorocarburi and esafluoro
  of sulfur) on a rate not inferior to 5.2 if
  compared to the emissions respectivly recorded in
  1990. the treaty could be declared effective only
  when ratified by not less than 55 signing
  nations, on condition that the same nations were
  responsible for at least 55 of the polluting
  emission.
• Objectives
  
  
  the protocol proposes a
  series of actions
  
  - to strengthen or to
  institute a national policy of reduction of the
  emissions (improvement of the energetic
  efficiency, promotion of supportable standards of
  agriculture, development of renewable sources of
  energy)
  
  
  - to cooperate with the others (exchanges of
  experiences or information).

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• Joining countries
  
  
  In November 2001 was held the Conference
  of Marrakech where 40 Countries subscribed the
  treaty. the adhesion of Russia it is considered
  important since this country alone produces 17.6
  of the emissions.
• Not subsribing countries
  
  
  Among the countries which refused to join the
  treaty there is the United States, responsible
  for 36.1 of total emissions (announcement made
  in March 2001). President Clinton had signed the
  Protocol during the last months of its mandate,
  but George W. Bush, soon after his election,
  withdrew the American subscription. Some states
  and great American municipalities, like Chicago
  and Los Angeles, are studying the possibility to
  apply for the treaty at a local level. Also
  Australia has announced that it does not mean to
  join the agreement, in order not to damage
  industrial investments. Also Croatia, Kazakistan
  and Monaco have not joined the treaty.
• Italy
  
  
  Our Country belongs to the group
  of the Nations included in Annexed B of the
  Protocol of Kyoto (1997). The objective of
  reduction of greenhouse gases indicated in the
  Protocol is fixed to a percentage of 8 (that is
  the same percentage indicated for all the EU).
  Inside the community, in June 1998, the reduction
  percentage for each country has been
  estamblished, 6,5 for Italy with the precise aim
  to encourage a reduction of the anthropogenic gas
  emissions.

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Annexed B (Protocol Of Kyoto, 1997)
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In the following table, extracted from a CIPE
RESOLUTION and OFFICIALLY published in the G.U n.
33 of 10-2-99, are characterized the national
actions and the correspondent expressed
readuction objectives in Mt CO2National actions
for the reduction of the gas emissions to
greenhouse effect.
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HEALTH, MONUMENTS, HOUSES, WORK HOW MUCH DOES IT
COST TO SNOB KYOTO? TEN YEARS AGO THE GREENHOUSE
GAS AGREEMENT. IT HAS NEVER BEEN APPLIED.   The
Kyoto Protocol, which was approved ten years ago,
became effective on the 16th February
2005. Italy, which within 2012 was interested in
a 6,5 reduction of CO2 emission with respect to
1990 emissions, showed a 12-13
increase. INDUSTRY for every CO2 ton diffused in
the atmosphere, Italian industries have to pay
20 according to Kyoto sanctions. HEALTH because
of smog, Italy pays about 4,5 billion euros every
year. The annual expence supported by the health
public system is about 2,5 billion
euros. TRAFFIC congested cities cost 2.3/km.
Road transport costs about 8 billions
altogether. ART Italy has to pay 500 million
yearly for monuments damaged by
pollution. DROUGHT in Italy 40 of drinking
water is wasted yearly. It costs 2,2 billion
euros.
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NOT SO BRIGHT
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• For the third consecutive year a wireless
  initiative lanches for 16 February 2007 M'
  illumino di meno, the energy saving national
  day, which has become international this year.
  After the success of the past editions Massimo
  Cirri and Filippo Solibello asked the listeners
  to demonstrate how saving is a concrete and real
  possibility to get over the energy problems that
  worry our country and the other nations of the
  planet. The invitation addressed to everybody was
  to turn off the lights and all not strictly
  necessary electric appliances on 16 February 2007
  at 18.00. Simple citizens, school, companies,
  museums, multinational groups, sport groups,
  scout groups, institutions, voluntary
  organisation, university, cral companies, traders
  and craftsmen together to demonstrate that to
  reduce waist of energy is possible. In particular
  a lot of restaurants organized candle-lit
  dinners, while the local administrations will
  gave the most spectacular view to the initiative
  making symbolic turning off in great Italian
  public squares and in the most important
  monuments (an example the Arena of Verona, the
  Milan cathedral, the Antonelliana tower of Turin,
  Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, the public squares
  in Catania, Bari, Bologna, Palermo and many
  others).

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AT SCHOOL OF ENERGETIC SAVING OF VARESE, THE
FIRST ENVIRONMENTAL SCHOOL OF SIMONE
CERIOTTI If you want to save electric power you
can you should only extinguish the light. It is
the lesson which comes from one small high school
in Laveno Mombello near Varese. The environmental
high school, inaugurated a year ago, has been
involved with all its students, teachers and
staff in a plan of energetic saving that brought
in a few days to the halving in the consumption.
It is a result that was achieved paying attention
to the meter and switching on artificial lights
only when needed. ltlt We are started by
communitys concept- Ferruccio Jarach explains,
an engineer and a mathematical teacher- our
problem was not to diffuse a knowledge on
energetic saving we want to find a way to save
energy. We are working with a group of students,
the energetic squad they have observed for a
week the behaviour of all the people in the
school, to study the waste. The second step has
been to convince teachers, staff and secretaries
to join the plan and pay attention to the lights.
Now we have appointed a guard of the lights in
every classroom and in a week the consumption has
decreased from 210 kwh to 100kwh. So less than
53, without sacrifices. This means that the cost
have been cut. All the students have demonstrated
interest for the initiative, on of them, Luca
Contini which attends the second year, was the
most engaged in this challenge. When I arrived at
school the first thig that I do, is to look at
the electricity meter and read it. After this
experience, I have convinced my family to pay
attention ay home, for example turning off the
television led. The guys of Laveno Mombello have
invented the slogan to halve is possible.
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DOMESTIC ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 
The temperature might be set at 20 degrees at
day-time and 16 degrees at night.
The temperature might be set at 20 degrees at
day-time and 16 degrees at night.
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AIR-CONDITIONER it is advisable to set it at a
temperatures 4-5 degrees lower than
outside. TELEVISION it is advisable to buy
television about 14 inches and dont leave
televisions or computers
in a stand-by positioneletrical equipment can
save up to 10 energy when disconnected. OVEN it
is advisable to turn off the oven before baking
is completed that allows to avoid
overworring. BOILER it is recommended to reduce
the working-time and to purchase two smaller
apparatuses if it both kitchen and
bath as much as possible must be fed. LIGHTING
SYSTEM it is advisable to use light bulbs that
have a higher cost lowenergy, but a
ten-fold gonger
life. WASHING and DISH WASHER MACHINE it is
recommended to use it fully loaded at low-medium

temperatures and cutting
off any drying program. REFRIGERATOR and
FREEZER it is advisable not to keep the doors
open for a long time, not to
introduce hot
food and not lower the temperature
excessively. HEATING SYSTEM the radiators must
be placed under the windows, or against an
external wall.
They dont have to be covered with curtains or
furniture. The
temperature should be regular on 20 degrees by
day and 16 degrees by night.
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DATA CONCERNING AIR POLLUTION MOST POLLUTED
CITIES   Atmospheric pollution it is an
expression that indicates modify the natural
characteristics of the armosphere. Today we
esteem that the seven most polluted cities in the
world, from the atmospheric point of view, are
Mexico City, Beijing, The Cairo, Jakarta, Los
Angeles, Saint Paul and Moscow. One of the main
pollution sources is traffic, domestic heating
and agriculture. Cars produce more than 90 of
emission. In some cases, the emissions coming
from diffuse saurces exceed the emission coming
from high industrialised systems. This fact
happens expecially for copper, whose annual
emissions, which are produced by means of road
trasport, have been equivalent to 260 tons,
almost the double of 136 tons coming from the
industrial system. The annual CO2 emissions reach
500 milion tons.    
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Day Daily Consumption (Kwhe) Co2 Production
Monday 5/3/2007 33 19.14
Tuesday 6/3/2007 39 22.62
Wednesday 7/3/2007 37 21.46
Thursday 8/3/2007 35 20.3
Friday 9/3/2007 16 9.28
Saturday 10/3/2007 39.6 22.968
Sunday 11/3/2007 33.6 19.488
Monday 12/3/2007 14 8.12
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DATA ANALYSIS   For one week (from Monday 5/3 to
Monday 12/3 ) we have gathered data regarding the
number of light-spots (each one including 4 neon
lights) lit up in our institute LICEO
MACHIAVELLI. The survey was done in two different
moments in the morning at 8,30 a.m. and at
11,30 a.m. (at break time). The total number of
light-spots taken into consideration was 420 . In
diagrams included here you can notice the
differences between the various days of the week
related to weather conditions. As you can notice
from the diagram data on Thursday, which was a
sunny day, at 11,30 there was a real waste
because the number of light-spots was superior
to 8,30. The school staff informed us that on
Sunday the number of light-spots switched on in
the hall was 24 (out of 24) and there were
additional 8 light-spots switched on in each of
the eight corridors.     We can all contribute
in contrasting the climatic change. However we
also have the responsibility of not operating
only individually, but trying to change the
collective behaviour and persuade friends,
parents and teachers. If we act together wee can
determinate a positive change for the future.  
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• Sources
• -www.la220.it
• -www.caterpillar.rai.it
• -daily newspaper La Repubblica
• -www.wwf.com

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• to be continued...

By IIIB