Invasive Alien Species Coming to America...

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Invasive Alien SpeciesComing to America...
Randy G. Westbrooks
FICMNEW
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Nonnative Plants?
PANGAEA Breakup Pines Evolve
Broadleaf Plants Evolve
16,000 Yr BP Asians arrive 500 Yr BP Europeans
Africans (1492 ) arrive with their plants 60
Yr BP Intercontinental Commerce Accelerates
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Invasive Species, why bother?
138 Billion per Year
Agriculture...
Biodiversity
2 Threat to Biodiversity
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Root of the Problem.
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Intentional IntroductionsCall Home Syndrome.

• Preferences for Imported Taxa
• Early Colonization Species from Home
• Europe, Africa
• Developed Exotics from Afar
• Recent Australia, South America
• Future China
• Rule of Tens Williamson, NZ
• 100 Plant Species Introduced
• 10 - Free Living Exotic Plants
• 1 - Invasive (75 of Problem)

Xanthorrhoea in Western Australia
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The Great American Exchange

• Panama Land Bridge, 3 Million Yr. BP

North AmericanMammals
South AmericanMarsupials
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Four Major Types of Invasive Species....
Aquatic
Forests
Nuisance
Species
Invasive
Natural
Areas
Plants
Injurious
(4,200
Wildlife
Free Living
Exotics)
Crop
Weeds
Rangelands
Insects
and
Diseases
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Aquatic Nuisance Species
Zebra Mussel
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Insects and Diseases
Chestnut Blight, 1903
Gypsy Moth, 1869
Asian Longhorned Beetle, 1980s
Red ImportedFire Ant, 1930s
Foot and MouthDisease
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Invasive Animals
EuropeanRed Squirrel
North AmericanGray Squirrel
Nutria from S. America
Feral Pig
Rabbits in Australia
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Invasive Plants of the Northeast
Purple Loosestrife
Mile-a-Minute
GarlicMustard
Mud Mat
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Invasive Plants of the Southeast
Kudzu
Witchweed
Hydrilla
Giant Salvinia
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Invasive Plants of Florida the Gulf Coast
Melaleuca
ChineseTallow
TropicalSoda Apple
Old WorldClimbing Fern
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Musk Thistle
Leafy Spurge
Cheat Grass
Salt Cedar
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Most Exotic Species are not invasive!!
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Invasive Species

• Coming to America...

Why??
By Land, Sea, and Air...
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Detection
Containment
Eradication
Prevention
Exclusion
Preclearance
Control
Other Countries
USA
Traditional Strategies for Invasive Species
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USDA APHIS. First Line of Defense..
Airports........
Seaports........
Land Border Crossings.....
Beagle Brigade
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Federal/State Cooperative Weed Eradication
Projects. 1958-2002.

• Witchweed (Striga asiatica). NC, SC. 1958-2002.
• Common Crupina (Crupina vulgaris), ID, WA, OR.
  1981-1991.
• Goatsrue (Galega officinalis), UT. 1981-1996.
• Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), CA.
  1980-1995.
• Catclaw Mimosa (Mimosa pigra). FL. 1985-1992.
• Wild Sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum). FL.
  1991.
• Wetland Nightshade (Solanum tampicense). FL.
  1995.
• Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum). FL, GA,
  SC, NC, TN, AL, MS, PA. 1995-2001.
• Japanese Dodder (Cuscuta japonica). SC.
  1991-1997.
• Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor). VA, NC, SC,
  GA, OR. 1991-2001.
• Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). PA.
  1995-2001.
• Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta). SC, 1995.

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West Nile Virus
Foot Mouth Disease
Giant Salvinia
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National Invasive Species Campaign

• National Committees
• ANS Task Force FICMNEW
• Presidential Executive Order 13112
• National Invasive Species Council
• National Invasive Species Management Plan

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New Strategies for Addressing Invasive Species

• State and Local Partnerships
• National EDRR System for Invasive Plants
• New Biological Protection Ethic

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State Invasive Species Partnerships

• A Call to Action..

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State Invasive Species Partnerships
Major Goals and Objectives

• Invasive Species Executive Order
• Management Plan
• State Coordinator
• Interagency MOU
• Outreach and Awareness
• Early Detection, ID
• Rapid Assessment
• Rapid Response
• Research

Wyoming Weed Team Founded 1998.........
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Local Partnerships
North Carolina Giant Salvinia Task Force
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Giant Salvinia(Salvinia molesta)

• Small Floating Fern
• Can double biomass in 2-10 days
• Completely dominates waterways.
• Extremely small fragments are viable
• Spores are non-viable
• Listed as a Federal Noxious Weed. therefore
  illegal to sell or possess!

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Giant SalviniaRiver Bend Community, Pender
County, NC
September, 2002
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National Early Detection and Rapid Response
System for Invasive Plants(Second Line of
Defense)

• Early Detection Network
• Rapid Assessment of New Species
• Rapid Response to New Invaders
• Public Education

If you see a strange plant or animal, tell
somebody!
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Verification(Natl. EarlyWarningCommittee)
National EarlyDetection RapidResponse
Systemfor Invasive Plants
RapidAssessment (Natl. EarlyWarningCommittee)
Data Archival(OnlineDatabases)
SuspectedNew Natl. Record
RapidResponse(Land Owneror Weed Mgt. Area)
RegionalTech.Support
ID, Vouchering(State Botanists)
New State Record
Early Detection (NetworkPublic)
New SpeciesBecomes Established
RapidAssessment (State WeedTeam)
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New Kid on the Block.. In Alabama!
Rotala rotundifolia(Roundleaf Toothcup)
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EDRR A Line in the Sand

• First Line of Defense
• Prevention, Preclearance
• Pre-Screening of Imported Species
• Exclusion at Ports of Entry
• Second Line of Defense
• Early Detection and Rapid Response
• Focus on Free Living Exotics only
• Minimum Impact on Environment
• Restoration to Pre-invasion State
• Third Line of Defense
• Long Term Management
• Chemical Control
• Biological Control

Prevention
Exclusion
EDRR
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New Biological Protection Ethic

• Environmental Protection Ethic - 20th Century
• Chemical Pollution and Hazardous Waste
• Silent Spring EPA
• Anti-Littering Campaigns
• Woodsy Owl - Give a Hoot, Dont Pollute
• Wildfires
• Smokey the Bear
• Recycling (1980s)
• Biological Protection Ethic - 21st Century
• Biological Pollution
• New Paradigm on Exotic Species

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Halt the Homogeocene!
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